THE ART OF THE STONE AGE ^^ wjc^ < •-. :i* ''> ' > ART OF THE STONE AGE 40.000 YearsofStoneAge Paintings byHans-GeorgBandi 60tipped-inillustrationsinfullcolor ArtoftheStoneAgewasunknown until 1879whentheworld-famous cave ofAltamira was discovered. th American Indian Books, Then,little morethan ahalf-cen- is, pius other importantau- turyago,interestintheartofStone im books. Age man arose. Each new disco- very demonstrated that primitive manwasnotso "primitive" aswe had thought; that his art was so- d .^fi^K^W^ pisticated in many ways with a freshness and in immediacy of approachthatthetwentiethcentury might envy. Thisnewandcomprehensivebook onArt oftheStoneAge has been preparedby experts underthesu- pervisionofDr.Hans-GeorgBandi, ProfessorattheUniversityofBerne, Switzerland.Dr.Bandi,himself,has writtenthe article onthe Spanish Levant.ThechapterontheCanta- brians is by Abbe H. Breuil and Dr. L. Berger-Kirchner. Dr. Henri Lhote, recently returned from an archaeological expedition in the Sahara isresponsibleforthechap- ter on North African art, and Dr. E. Holm, a well known scholar, wrotethearticleon SouthAfrican art.Dr.A.Lommel,Directorofthe Munich Museum of Ethnology, decribes recentAustralian discov- eries. In short, Art of the Stone Age, with its many illustrations, givesabroadpictureoftheimpor- tantartistic creationsofearlydays andofthegreatepochsintheearly historyofmankind. Thejacketpaintingisfromacave in SouthRhodesia. CROWN PUBLISHERS, INC. NEW YORK THE ART OF THE STONE AGE FORTY THOUSAND YEARS OF ROCK ART HANS-GEORG BANDI HENRI BREUIL LILO BERGER- - - KIRCHNER HENRI LHOTE ERIK HOLM - - ANDREAS LOMMEL CROWN PUBLISHERS, INC. NEW YORK Translated by Ann E. Keep,Dr. Phil. The frontispiece represents the head and chest of a bull. The horns are in twisted perspective. Above, on theleft,theheadofahorsepaintedinblackandbrown. Aurignacian-Perigordian. Picture gallery, Lascaux. FIRSTPUBLISHEDIN 1961 HOLLEANDCO.VERLAG, BADEN-BADEN,GERMANY PRINTED IN HOLLAND LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGUECARD NUMBER 61-10701 LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS FRANCO-CANTABRIAN ROCKART Bardai:oxwithlonghorns Lascaux: bullandhorse WEladGrieiDrjiebraatt::gairracfhfeers 112236 NLAAFNBLMlliaioaeottsaanunaacuutmPtmmaoxx-eeiiur::d-srtrxeLpeaa:hb-aal::ie:Gtnssaar:hbmodbuoiianibsmnlnssooeleedofna::nhrsaoberilbsseieospsnohnant JWWSJSSAeeeaauaafffbbaddaaabbnrrriiaa:r::rrhDDemmesejjnnhaatee::ess:rrpkkaa'h'htteeAeW::eddnrhrtdwfidwdiratanooerenesfrmacciL'eacooaarnrtdsstyl'e 11!111115433344411704481 Gargas:silhouetteofhands ROCKARTOFSOUTHAFRICA Pech-Merle:friezewithhorses CapBlanc:horse WesternTransvaal:rhinoceros 155 Rouffignac: headofrhinoceros Maretjiesfontein:detailofquagga 160 Tucd'Audoubert:bisonsculpture Natal:antelopecows 163 Covalanas:hinds MountSt.Paul:'cloud'elephant 166 ROCKART OF THE SPANISH LEVANT SDirlaokzewnasnbee:rpgoMltysc.h:reolmaendgiraffes 116729 CuevadelCharcodelAguaAmarga:hunter Nswatugi: kuducow 174 MorellalaVella:wildgoat Leeufontein:rhinocerosandlion 178 CuevasdelCivil:archer WesternTransvaal:giraffe 181 CuevasdelaAraiia:hind Nswatugi:groupofgiraffesandzebras 185 CingledelaMolaRemigia:menwithbows Nswatugi:giraffeandquagga 187 CingledelaMolaRemigia:spider Maretjiesfontein:antelopecow CingledelaMolaRemigia: WesternTransvaal:elandbuck anthropomorphousfigure DrakensbergMts.:elandsresting Nswatugi: kuducows ROCKARTOFTHEMAGHREB ANDSAHARA ROCKARTOFAUSTRALIA WadiDjerat:groupofrhinocerosesand Wonalirri:wondjinafigure ostriches 104 Aulen:snakewitheagle Bardai:elephant 107 Wonalirri: figureswitharcs WadiDjerat:ox Ngungunda:squattingfigure 219 WadiDjerat:headsofpelicans Hawker:lizard-likeanimal 883 WadiDjerat:lion AyersRock:rockpainting 227 Bardai:oxwiththickhorns MAPS CentresofrockartinSouth-westEurope RockartstationsintheSpanishLevant andNorthAfrica 14 CentresofrockartinNorthAfrica DistributionofrockartinSouth-westEurope 18 DistributionofrockartinSouthAfrica !57 RockartstationsintheDordogne 22 CentresofrockartinAustralia 208 RockartstationsinthePyrenees SOURCE OF COLOURED PLATES Prof.Dr.H.-G.Bandi,Berne 74,78,83, 130,134,137,141,144,148,151 93.96 KatharinaLommel,Munich 207,210,215,219 ReneGardi,Berne 27,31 CharlesP. Mountford,London 223,227 A.Giefers,Pretoria 155,160,193 RomainRobert,Tarascon-sur-Ariege 3,34,37, Jiirgen Harms, Pretoria 163,166,172,181,197 40,42,45,47,49,51,54,57,59,62,67 KonstanzeHolm,Pretoria 169,174,178,185,187, E. Schulthess (with kind permission of Messrs. Conzett & Huber, Zurich) 107,117,120,123 Dr. HenriLhote,Paris 104,110,112,114,126, LIST OF FIGURES WITH SOURCES Hind,Altamira Crouchingbison,Altamira •Horse,LesCombarelles •Lion, LesCombarelles Gallopinghorse,Lascaux 'Swimmingstags',Lascaux •Smallstags,Lascaux Cow,Lascaux Bisonwitharrows,Niaux -Ibex,Niaux Trout,Niaux -Ibexesbuttingoneanother,LeRocdeSers -Prehistoricelephant,Pindal.AfterH.Breuil,FourhundredcenturiesofCaveArt -Smallwildass,Levanzo -Unfinishedhumanfigure,Valltortagorge.AfterH.Obermaier -Manwithbow,Torm6n.AfterH.Obermaier Archer,CuevaSaltadora.AfterH.Obermaier Archer,CuevadelCivil.AfterH.Obermaier -Hunter,CuevadelosCaballos.AfterH.Obermaier -Archer,CuevadelosCaballos.AfterH.Obermaier •Boarhunt,CuevadelValdelCharcodelAguaAmarga.AfterH.Obermaier -Ibexhunt,CuevaRemigia.AfterJ.B.Porcar,H.ObermaierandH.Breuil •Hunter,CuevaRemigia.AfterJ.B.Porcar,H.ObermaierandH.Breuil Warriorsadvancing,CingledelaMolaRemigia.AfterJ.B.Porcar,IH.ObermaierandH.Breuil Archersfighting,MorellalaVella.AfterF.Benitez -Warrior,CuevaSaltadora.AfterH.Obermaier •'Execution',CuevaRemigia.AfterJ.B.Porcar,H.ObermaierandH.Breuil •Archerwithreflexbow,CuevaVieja.AfterJ.Cabre -Honey-gatherers, Cuevas de la Arana. After E. Hernandez-Pacheco -'Lasso-thrower',CuevasdelaArana.AfterE.Hernandez-Pacheco Archer,Masd'enJosep.AfterH.Obermaier Manwithknee-breeches,ElsSecans.AfterH.Obermaier -Manwithbowandcap,CuevaVieja.AfterH.Obermaier Twofiguresfromthe'DancingWomen',Cogul.AfterJ.Cabrd Staghunt,CuevaVieja.AfterJ.Cabre' Horsewithhumanfigureindoubletrianglestyle,Tit •Recumbentox,Tarzerouc 38—Figuresindoubletrianglestyle,Aozon.AfterTh.Monod 3490——RRoecckumebnegnratviwnegt,heAro,uiWlaadliamAmazzar 44121——WSaacrredchsatroinoetwithhumanhead 4434——RIdeocluwmibtehntheamdamomfaolwl,,STialebtelbalet 4456——HScehaedmaotfizreadm,chTaarimoetnst,iHtautInDaladj 47—Goddesseswithbirds'heads,Jabbaren 48—Statuetteofgirl,Sireuil 49—Eland,Vryburg 50—Largepainting,PhilippCavenearAmeib.AfterH.Breuil 51—Rainmyth,LaMadeleine 52—Rainmyth,DjebelBesSeba.AfterH.ObermaierandL.Frobenius 5543——FRiasihnimnyXt-hr,aAyisntylGeu,dOeejnap.elAlfit.erAfHt.erObChe.rmPa.ieMrouanntdfoLr.dFrobenius 5556——WWaormrieonrs,ruOnennipnegl,liO.enApfetlelriC.hA.ftPe.rMCohu.ntPf.oMroduntford 5578——WCaorpruiloartsi,onOesncpeenlel,i.PiAlfgtaenrguCrha..PA.fMteorunHt.foEr.dPetriandA.S.Schulz 59—Figuresresemblinghumanbeings,DepuchI.AfterH.E.PetriandA.S.Schulz 60—Huntingscene,Gosford.AfterD.S.Davidson 61—Paintinginredandyellow,Walgarock.AfterD.S.Davidson 62—Humanandanimalfigures,Euriowie.AfterL.Black 63—Humanandanimalfigures,Euriowie.AfterL.Black 6654——RSqoucaktteinnggrafviignurge,,DCeovnoincRDaonwgnes..AAfftteerrDD..JS..TDuagvibdyson 66—Rockpainting,Malkaia.AfterD.S.Davidson Thefollowinghavekindlyprovided thefiguresin thisvolume: KonstanzeHolm,Pretoria(Figs.49—53), Greta Leuzinger, Zurich (Figs. 1—14,37,40, 42—45), Katharina Lommel, Munich (Figs.54—66),Hannes Pixa, Baden-Baden (Figs. 36, 38, 39, 41, 46, 417). CONTENTS Listofplates andmaps (5). Sourceofcolouredplates(6). Listoffigures with sources (6). INTRODUCTION 15-7° FRANCO-CANTABRIAN ROCK ART Discovery (15). Distribution (16). Requirements for preservation (17): deposit (19). Age and development (19): Aurignacian-Perigordian (21), Solutrian-Magdalenian (24). Implements and technique (25). Origin and meaningofIceAgeart (26). Sixlargecaves (28): Altamira (28), Font-de- Gaume(32),LesCombarelles(33),Lascaux (36),Niaux (41), TroisFreres (43). Caves and rock-shelters in France (45): Chabot, Ebbon, Le Portel (46), Tuc d'Audoubert (48), Montespan (48), Gargas (50), Isturitz (53) Pech-Merle (53), Sergeac (55), Abri Reverdit, Laussel, Cap Blanc (56), La Greze, Barabao (57), Teyjat,Rouffignac (58),Pair-non-Pair (60),Roc deSers(61). CavesinSpain (63): Covalanas,Santian,ElCastillo (63),La Pasiega,Pindal,Buxu(65),PenadeCandamo,LosCasares(66),LaPileta (67). Caves in Italy (68): Levanzo, Romanelli,Addaura (68). 70-72 FRANCO-CANTABRIAN ART STATIONS WITH DATES OF DISCOVERY 73-98 THE ROCK ART OF THE SPANISH LEVANT . . . . Discovery and study (73). Technique (76). Preservation (77). Style (79): expressionism (80). Subject-matter (80). Significance (84). Development (88). Dating (88). Distribution (92). Origin (96). THE ROCK ART OF THE MAGHREB AND SAHARA . 99—152 Distribution (99). Discovery (99). Change of climatic conditions (101). Dating(103). Technique,tools(105),extinctanimalspecies(108),change ofclimate (109), naturalisticstyle(m), twistedperspective(112), double triangle style (113). Classification (114): bubalus or hunter period, pastoralistperiod,horseperiod(115),camelperiod(118).Paintings(118): sites(119).TheSaharainprehistory(121): tools(121), densityofpopula- tion, race, change of climate (122), agriculture, hunting, cattle-raising (124).AgeofSaharanrockpictures (125):sitesin the WadiDjerat(127), pastoralist civilization (128). Chariot period, invasion by the 'people of thesea'(129).Chronologicalcoincidenceofengravingandpainting(132): two modes of expression (132), representation of human beings (133;. Distributionofrockpictures(133):bubalusperiod(133),periodof'round- headed men' (136), pastoralist period, origin of the pastoralists (138). Composite figures (139). Races (139): expansion of the white race (143). Affinities with rock artof Europe and S. Africa (145): stylisticaffinities, profane art (147)- Affinities with Egyptian art (150): chronological dif- ferences (150). THE ROCK ART OF SOUTH AFRICA Means of livelihood (153). Huntersandfood-gatherers (153): sixth sense 153—204 (153), artistic talents, myths (154); prehistory in the living present; the StoneAgeartistisalivetoday (156); theproblemofdating(156); period- ization(158);artandartefacts(159); engravings(161);rockgalleries(161). Areaofhabitation(162). Regionaldistribution(164).Significanceofsites (164).Mythology(167):Mantis(168),legendoftherain(171),totem(173), cosmicsymbols(174).Examples(175):Nswatugi(176),threegiraffes(177), constellation (178), ritualdestruction,regenerationoftheuniverse(179); morphological experience (180); suggestion (182); cosmic significance (182). Motivation (184). Drama of cosmic change (186); idols (187); art isunhistorical(188);significanceforhistoryofart(188);suggestion(190); phases (190); technique as criterion (191); colour (192); motifs (196); spiritual aspects (202). THE ROCK ART OF AUSTRALIA RockpicturesofArnhemLand(218). InfluencesradiatingfromOenpelli 205—231 (220). New South Wales (221). Victoria (222). Southern and Central Australia (224). Conclusions (226). APPENDICES Bibliography (234). Chronology (238). Glossary(239). Index (242). 233-249