MANGO w CYRIL The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312 - 1453 MEDIEVAL ACADEMY REPRINTS FOR TEACHING Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 16 Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching EDITORIAL BOARD Jeremy duQ. Adams Judson Allen Robert L. Benson Christopher Kleinhenz Audrey Livernois David Staines Prudence Tracy CYRIL MANGO SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312 - 1453 Published by University of Toronto Press Toronto Buffalo London in association with the Medieval Academy of America Medieval Academyof America 1986 Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-6627-5 First published by Prentice-Hall Inc in 1972, in the series Sources and Documents in the HistoryofArt edited by H.W. Janson Reprinted by permission ofthe publisher Contents Preface ix Introduction xi Abbreviations xvi i. Constantine (312-37) 3 The Church of Tyre (c. 317) 4 The Construction of Constantinople (324-30) 7 Christian Monuments at Constantinople, Nicomedia, and Antioch 10 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem (326-35) // The Church of Laodiceia Combusta in Lycaonia (c. 330) 14 Exemptions Conferred on Architects and Artisans 14 Constantine'sCoins and Effigies 75 A Painting at the Palace Gate 75 Christian Portraiture 16 PortraitsofPatriarchs 16 Opposition to Christian Portraiture 16 2. From Constantine to Justinian (337-527) 21 Churches 24 Church Decoration 32 Heterodox Painting 33 The Sacrifice of Isaac 34 Votive Images 34 Picturesof a Miracle 35 vi Contents Crosses not to be Trodden on }6 Decoration of Martyria }6 Religious Portraiture 39 Opposition to Religious Art 41 SecularArt 44 Imperial Statues 4$ StatuesofMagistrates 46 Imperial Portraits 46 Deedsof Emperors 48 ExemptionsConferred on Painters 50 MinorArts $0 3. Justinian (527-65) 55 The Cathedral of Edessa $j St. Sergiusat Gaza 60 St. Stephen at Gaza 68 St. Sophia, Constantinople (532-37) and Other Churches J2 Ravenna 104 Secular Buildings at Constantinople 108 ReligiousPainting 7/3 Justification ofReligious Images 116 SecularImages iij 4. From Justinian to Iconoclasm (565-726) 123 Justin II (565-78) 124 Tiberius(578-82) 128 Maurice (582-602) 128 Phocas (602-10) /30 Ravenna /30 Contents vii Justinian II (First reign, 685-95) J3J ArtisticRelationswith the Arabs 132 SecularPainting 732 ReligiousPainting 733 Justification ofReligious Painting 140 Images asPropaganda 141 Symbolism of the Church Building 141 Carvingand MinorArts 143 5. The Period of Iconoclasm (726-842) 149 The Beginning of Iconoclasm in Syria 150 The First Periodof Iconoclasm (726-80) 757 The Restoration of Images under Irene (780-802) 156 The Second Period of Iconoclasm (814-42) 757 The Iconoclastic Position 165 The Orthodox Position 169 6. The Middle Byzantine Period (843-1204) 181 Michael III (842-67) 184 Basil I (867-86) 792 Leo VI (886-912) 202 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (913-59) 207 Icons and Iconography 270 An Imaginary Palace 275 The Eleventh Century 277 Byzantine Artists at Kiev 227 The Comneni (1081-1185) 224 TheAngeli (1185-1204) 236 Inventories 23J viii Contents 7. The Late Byzantine Period (1204-1453) 2/9 Attitude towards Antiquity 2/5 Michael VIII (1*59-82) 2/5 AndronicusII (1282-1328) 2^6 John V (1341-9O *49 Constantinople in the Fifteenth Century 250 The Palace ofTrezibond 252 Attitude towards Latin Religious Art 253 AestheticTheory 254 Byzantine Artists in Russia 255 A Cretan Painter 258 Bibliography 260 Index of Authors and Anonymous Works 261. Greek 261 Latin and Western 265 Oriental 266 Slavic 266 General Index 267