B S A Y THE AME UTHOR The Hidden Jesus: A New Life Diana—The Last Year Notorious: The Life of Ingrid Bergman Rebel: The Life and Legend of James Dean The Decline and Fall of the House of Windsor A Passion for Life: The Biography of Elizabeth Taylor Marilyn Monroe—The Biography Blue Angel: The Life of Marlene Dietrich Laurence Olivier—A Biography Madcap: The Life of Preston Sturges Lenya: A Life Falling in Love Again: Marlene Dietrich (A Photoessay) The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock Stanley Kramer Film Maker Camerado: Hollywood and the American Man FIRST ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION, JANUARY 1992 Copyright © 1976, 1992 by Donald Spoto All rights reserved under International and Pan- American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in hardcover by Hopkinson and Blake in 1976. First published in paperback by Dolphin Books/Doubleday in 1979. This completely revised and updated Anchor Books edition is published by arrangement with Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc. Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spoto, Donald, 1941– The art of Alfred Hitchcock: fifty years of his motion pictures / by Donald Spoto. — 2nd ed., completely rev. and updated. p. cm. “Anchor books.” 1. Hitchcock, Alfred, 1899–1980.—Criticism and interpretation. I. Title. PN1998.3.H58S68 1992 791.43′0233′092—dc20 91-3438 eISBN: 978-0-30756714-7 www.anchorbooks.com v3.1 for James T. Caroscio 1946–1986 INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENARY EDITION In 1972, I was asked to contribute an essay about Alfred Hitchcock’s great film Vertigo for a book about classic motion pictures. The editor was satisfied with six pages but I was not, and soon after that, the idea for The Art of Alfred Hitchcock was born—a detailed critical appreciation of his work, film by film, the first such book by an American. My movie-watching and note-taking progressed in archives, libraries and retrospective theaters around the world, and in homes where private prints were screened for me in those days when videotape was not the ubiquitous commodity it is today. But in 1975, I discovered that Hitchcock’s early films were not easy to see. In fact, it was necessary to spend a month at the British Film Institute, London, watching rare copies of mostly unknown pictures like Champagne, The Manxman and The Skin Game. With a few notable exceptions, Hitchcock’s first seventeen films are perhaps historical curiosities—interesting works by a gifted novice rather than cinematic masterpieces—and so in 1975, while writing the first edition of The Art of Alfred Hitchcock, I chose to treat somewhat more briefly the works from 1925 to 1934, a decision retained in preparing this revision. I regard the production of The 39 Steps, in 1935, as the great leap in Hitchcock’s art. From that year, when he turned thirty-six, he was, I think, an artist of enduring significance. Of Hitchcock’s fifty-three features, there is only one I have not seen: The Mountain Eagle, produced in Germany in 1925 and lost soon after. Additionally, I have omitted consideration of Hitchcock’s legendary television shows (of which he directed less than two dozen out of more than 350); of a very few early British talkies and sound films he co- produced (but in which, according to the record, he had only minimal involvement); and of Bon Voyage and Aventure Malgache, two short films he directed for a French acting troupe, in London exile during World War II. (Comments and critical observations about all these may, however, be found in my companion volume to this, The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock.) The Art of Alfred Hitchcock, then, treats only his full-length feature films. During my initial research for the first edition, a very rich kind of material was provided by interviews with people who worked with Hitchcock. In this regard, I was fortunate to have the cooperation and encouragement of Dame Peggy Ashcroft, Ingrid Bergman, Hume Cronyn, Joan Fontaine, Princess Grace of Monaco (the former actress Grace Kelly), Tippi Hedren, Tom Helmore, Ernest Lehman, Simon Oakland, Jessica Tandy, Samuel Taylor and Teresa Wright. Princess Grace, after reading the first draft of the book, generously offered to contribute a foreword. Hers was one of several friendships that—like unexpected benedictions—came from this project. For this later edition, of course, I also had the benefit of the dozens of interviews I later conducted between 1980 and 1983, during research for The Dark Side of Genius. That list, too long to be repeated here, contains the names of many more whose contributions remain memorable. Hundreds of hours, of course, were also spent in the dark, watching these extraordinary movies. Invaluable assistance was provided by Patrick Sheehan at the Motion Picture Division of the Library of Congress, Washington; by Jeremy Boulton at the National Film Archives, London; and by Charles Silver at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, where Mary Corliss, surely the most knowledgeable and unfailingly gracious film stills archivist in the business, enabled me to find many rare photographs. Tippi Hedren also made available her extensive personal collection of stills from the productions of The Birds and Marnie. As I drew near to concluding the first draft of The Art of Alfred Hitchcock, he and screenwriter Ernest Lehman were preparing Family Plot, Hitchcock’s fifty-third (and, as it happened, his last) movie. For courtesy’s sake, I sent a few chapters of the manuscript to Hitchcock— the commentaries on Sabotage, the second version of The Man Who Knew Too Much and Frenzy. Within days, I received a telegram at my home, inviting me to watch him at work on Family Plot in California. When I arrived, he granted me an extended interview, the first of many meetings I treasured during the last five years of his life. He also generously handed over to me the storyboards for Family Plot, along with his kind permission to reproduce them in this book. The original edition of The Art of Alfred Hitchcock was published in the autumn of 1976. I sent the first copy to Hitchcock, who responded by inviting me to Los Angeles and then giving a public endorsement—the first in a series of happy surprises that contributed to making the book something of a standard work. Since that time, Alfred Hitchcock died (in April 1980); my biography of him was also published, in many languages; and his primacy as one of the few great artists of the cinema has been confirmed worldwide and without question. From 1975 to 1986, I was fortunate to teach Hitchcock’s films year- round, on a rotating cycle, in undergraduate and graduate seminars at the New School for Social Research in New York; additionally, I was often invited to lecture on one or another film or theme at festivals and at colleges and universities in America and Europe, as well as at public educational series for the American and British Film Institutes. Many people I met at these events have deepened my appreciation of Hitchcock over the years—more than ten thousand students at the New School and perhaps as many more in worldwide audiences—and to them all I am keenly indebted for their comments, suggestions and criticisms. As I continued to study Hitchcock’s extraordinary body of work and listened to the questions and insights of others, it became clear that there was very much more to say than what I had published in 1976. Hence I was delighted when Doubleday inquired if I had some additional thoughts for a new edition. I quickly replied that I had many such thoughts—too many for a few mere paragraph substitutions here and there, in fact—and so they readily agreed to a completely revised edition. You have that book in your hands now. Frequently, if not usually, critics speak and write as if their interpretations of art were the last words—as if their insights, as bridges from artist to audience, closed the door to meaning, and thenceforth no dog should bark. I do not think this is the function of the interpreter. In this book, I have simply tried to widen the scope of the creative, critical dialogue about one man’s work—a body of art more than ever celebrated in 1999, when we honor the hundredth anniversary of his birth. Obviously, the passion a critic brings to the study of specific works of art reveals much about the critic himself. In my setting forth certain themes, ideas and images in the art of Alfred Hitchcock, it’s obvious that they have special significance for me. The act of interpretation, after all, interprets the interpreter to himself. Finis coronat opus—the end crowns the work, according to an old adage. But in a work of appreciation, the end should only bring us back to the beginning, to the works of art themselves. If readers are encouraged to see again the films of Alfred Hitchcock, I’ll consider this book still successful after almost twenty-five years. D.S. Los Angeles November 25, 1998