THEARMY,OF THE INDIAN MOGHULS: 1~$O RGANIZA110NA t';JDA DMIN1STRA1l0N. WILLIAM lRVINE I f 11 LOW PRICE PUBLICATIONS [A Division of D~K.. PubHshers Distributors (P) Ltd.J DELHl-110052 UA \ 842 .I7 Sales Office : 1994 D.K. PUBLISHERS DISTRIBIJTORS (P) LTD. 1, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj. New Delfii-·110002 Phones:3261465,3278368 Fax :-091-011-3264363 TABLEO P CONTENTS. Preflloe. . , . .. • . . • .• • . . . • . . Chapter I. Connoiamoued Bank and mode of recruiting. 3-H ?li' Maftfab, 3. - Gradea of promotion, 5. - and nnlliir, (J. - Table of .llaftfCbsa nd pay, 8. - Svtoiir rank, 9. - rabinan. 9. - Pay of aame, H. - Chellis 1,1. Chapter Il. Buie& oonneoted with Pay and AlloW'llllClal • H-!7 Reproduced: 1994 Rates of Pay, 12. - Date Crom 'which pay drawn, 12. - ISBN: 81-86142-19-3 Conditional and 1U1COnditionapl ay, 13. - Pay always in arrears. Pay 13. - in naqd and Tagir, U. - .(laqiqat, 16. -Daul, t8. - Y-ad,-diuht, 18. - Loam.a dvances and gift&, 18. - Deductions, t 9. - Finas, 22..- Sakati and Bartara{i, 2-1.- Absence, jS. - Dlnesa. 25. - Lea,.2e5.; - Deaertio2n5,. - Ducbarge, 25. - Peoaion, 25. - Death, 25 . ...C hapter Ill. BewRda and Diatinctiom. . . . • • . • 28-35 Titlm, 28. - Rola ofHonour, 29.-Gifbo, 29.-KettJedrums, 30. -, Flags and Emigns, 31. - Panjah, 3t. - •..4.1am3, 2. - Published by : Jrwn,32.-Affii.b,32.-Azhdalui-paikar,32.-lliilii.,32. LOW PRICE PUBLICATIONS Qvmqumah, 32. - Jfiihi-o-mariitib, 33. - S/1e1'-rnmiitib, [A Division of D.K. Publishers Distributors( P) Ltd.] 3'. - A(tabgiri, 3'. - Tiinum-togh, 3'. - Summary, 35. at Regd. Off.: A-6, NIMRI CommunityC entre, Near Bharat Nagar, Chapter IV. 'Procedure on Ent.ering the Service . . . . 36--41 Ba.khahi.a,3 7. - Duties of Bakhahi-ul-mamalik. 33 -The Delhi-110052 other great Bakh&hia, 39. - Prowincial and other Btfklul,is, .&(). - First appointment !!fan officer, 40. - .(laqiqat, ((). -r Ttlf(!"aq- i1. - Yiid-daaht, ..W.- Ta'itqah,-i3. - .A~au, 43. Chapter V. - Branding and Verifl.cation . . . . . . -la--56 Chihrah-i-ma.n,a.bdiir, -48.- Chil,rah-i-tabi11an,- 18-. Chi I,~ rah-i.-aapiin,4 9. - Form of Imperial brands, 49. - Noble's brands, 50. - Classification of horses, 51. - Subordinate esta~ blishment, 52. - Ta.,1!il.•a.l5&3,. - Officials and their dutia<, 55. Printed at: Chapter VL Dill'erent Branch~ al the 8errice . . , • 57-61. D.K. Fine Art Press (P) Ltd. Ma.n,abdar, Tab,11a11A, {uzau, A{1&ham,5 7. - No regimental Delhi-1.10052 systeM,5 7. - Total strength of army, 59.-Stnogth bron.,abt -into the field.6 0, Chapter VB. . Bquipmeni. - A. Defensive Armour . . . ~-,2 Armour geaerally (,,ilal}. a.ala#)!6 2. -tines for non-production PRINTED IN INDIA IV TABLE OR CONTENTS. TABLE 01' CONTENTS. V Pago .of, 63. '-- Khud, Dnbalghah, Top, 64. - Khog'hi, 65. - 107. - Jazail, jazair, i09. - Gingall, janjal, i09. - Mif!!!far,6 5. -Baktar, &gtar, 66. - Chahar-a,inah.66. - Qidr, Hi. Zirih, 67. - Jaibah, 67. - Joshan, 68. - lihlam, 68. - 3. Pistols, Tamanahah, Ht. - Sherbachah, 112. Angarkhah, 68 - Daahlo.h, Dagla,68.-Jamah-i-fata!fi, Chapter X. Artillel'J'. - Heavy guns. . . . . • . . 113-132 68. - Chihilqad, 69. - Sadiqi, 69. - Kofhi, 69. - Blianju, Top-khanah and its meanings, 113. - Top-i-kalan, Top-i- 69. -Kamal, 69.-Ghiighwah, 70.-Kantha-so~ha, 70. khurd, H4. - Under Bahar, 114. - Top-i-,arbzan, 115. - Dastwanah, 70. - Ranak, 71. - Mozah-i-ahani, 71. - Under Akbar, 115. - European opinions, 116. - Heavy guns, Patkah, 71. - Horse armour, 71. - Kajim, 71. - Artak-i 118. - Had names, 118. - Inscriptions on, 119. - Number kojtm,7i.--Qashqah,71.-Gardani,71. ~Borsetrappings,72. with cAlamgir, 119. - Examples of use, 119. - By A'zam Chapte1· VIII. Equipment. - B. Offensive Arms: I, Shah, 119. - At LahQr, 1125 H., 119. -At Thun, 1128 H., Wea.pons for close quarters . . . . 73-89 119. - At Wer, 1767, 120. - Jiits use of at Agrah, 1767, 1. Swo1·ds, 74. - Mode of carl'ying, 74. - Names for, 75. - 120. - How mounted, 121. - Descriptions of in<µ<Idual · Names of parts of and belts, 75. - Sho.ms!aer,7 5. - guns, 123. - Wooden guns ofSikhs, 128. - Ghabarah, 129. - Dhfi.p,< AsaS hamsher, 76. - Khanda, 76. - Sirohi, 76. - Deg, 129.-Tir(bore ofa gun), 129. -Miscellaneous, 129. Pa!{a, 77. - Gupti, 77. - Shields, 77. -Chirwahand Badalijah, 129. - Manjaniq, 130. - Sangra'd, 130. - Tilwah shields, 78. - Fencing shields (phari1, 78. _Sarkob,M uqabil-kob, i30. - Top-i-hawi;fe,1 30. - Chadar, 2. Maces, Gttr;:, 79. - Shashbur, 79. - Piyazi, 79 . ..z. 13-1. - Quqqah-i-atash, i31. Dhai:a, 79., - Gargu:, 79. - Khandli-Phi'insi, 79. - Chapter XI. Light Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . 133-151 Sant (flail), 80. - Pusht-~ar, 80. - Khar-i-mahi, 80. - Topkhanah-i~rezah, 133. - Topkhanah-i-jinsi (jambishi), Gajb"iig,8 0. 133. - Topkh'ii.nah-i-jilau. . 133. - Artillery of t~e Stirrup, 3. Battle Axes, Tabar, 10. - Ziifl!_inol8, 0. - Tabar-z'ii./l!!nol, 134. - Names for light guns, 134. - Rahmu, 135. - 80. - Tamngalah, 80. - Pm•usa, 81. - Venmuroo, Swivelguns or wallpieces, 135. - Gajnal, Hathnal, Narnal, 81. - Basolah, 81. - Chamchaq, 81. 135. - Slmta,:nal, Zamburak, Shahin, 135. - Size of 4. Spear~, Sinan, 81. -Ne;ah, 82. -Bhal'ii., 82.-Barchhah, Shutarnal, 136. - Use of, 136. - Dhamakah, 137. - 83. ~ Sank, Siing, Sangi, 83. - Sainthi, 84. - Selarah, Ramjanaki, 137. - Arghun, 138: - Chalani, 138. - 84. - Ballam, 84. - Pandi-Ballam, 84. --Panjmukh, Fieldpieces, 138.-Rahkalah, 139.-0rigin of name, 139. 84. - La,ige, 85. - Garhiya, 85. - <Alam, 85. - 'Aradah-top, 140. - Qasarah, 140. - <Ara.bah,1 41. - Ko11t, Gm1rfa1'ii8.,5 . Tiirah, Tobrah, 142. - Muhrah-i-rahkalah, 146. - 5. naggers, Ka(or, Ka/ifrah, Ka{ar,, 85. - Jamdhm·, 86. - Rockets, 147. - 1'lahtab, 151. - Powder Magazines, 151. - Khanjar, 86. -Jr;tml;hak, Bi. - Jhambwah, 87:-B'iink, Pal-i-siyah, 151. - Badar,151. 87. - Narsi11gh moth, 87. - Bichhwa, 87: - Khapwah, 88. - Peshr1ab;,8 8. - Kifrd, 88. - Chiiqchaqi,8 9. - Chapte1· XII. Personnel of the Artillery. • . . . . . 152-159 Sailabcih-i-qalmaqi, 89. Turks and Europeans,. I 52. - Mir Atash, 154. - Ha:ari, Chapter IX. Equipment. - C. Offensive Arms, II. Missiles 90-H.2 157. - Mink-bas hi 157. - Sadiwal, Mirdaltah, Sair, 158. - General, 90. -1. Bows, 91. - Oqchi, Opchi,9 1. - Charkh, Golanaaz,158.-Deg-anaaz,158.-Ban-andaz,Ban-aar,159. 92. - Kama;i, 92. - Notch, 93. - String, 93. -Thumb Chapter XIII. Ahshim . . . . . . . . . . . 160-174 st:ill, 93. - Takhsh Kaman, 95. - Kaman-i-gurohah, General remarks, 160. - Infantry in general, 161. - Nagas, '95. - Gobhan, Falakhan, 95. - Kamthah, 95. - NiiwaJ;, 163. - 'Alighol, 164. - Sila~1-posh,1 _64-. No.jib, 164. - 96. - Tufak-i-daha;;:97.-At•rows,97:-Tukkah,97. Aithahbaz, 165. - Dhalait, 165. - Amazons, 165. - Naliles of arrows, 97. - Symb61ical n~e '>farrows, 98 . ...:.. Sil;bandi. 166. - Ba,·qandiiz, 166. - Pay of Matchlockmen, Quive1·,0 0. - Leather guard, 100. -- Paikan-kash (arrow 167. - Baksariyali.168. - Bunclelahs, 169. - Arabs, :169.- drawer), -101. - Ta1get, 101. - Modes of Shooting, 10i. Bhi.lah, 170. - ·Mewali, 170. - Karnataki, 170. - Kala 2. :Matchlock, Tufang, Bw1ditq, 103. - General, 103. - Piyadah, 171. ·- Rawat, 171. - Bargi, 171. - Mughal, Tripod, 103. - Pa1·ah, 106. - l\Jatch, 107 ••- .Powder 172. - larangi, 172. - Pay of last four classes, .ni° - horn ct cetua, 107.-Blank cartridge, 107 .- Caillctuq1w, Artificers and their pay, l 73. TABLE OP CONTENTS. VII VI TABLE OP CONTENTS. Page Page Sip'iihi-i-(ii.lez, 241. - Defeat, 241. - Ju.har, 242. - Chapter XIV. Elephants . . . . . . .• . . . . . . 175-181 Proclamation of victory, 242. - Pillars _of heads, 242. Chapter XV. Discipline, Drill, and Exercises. . . . . 182-189 Chapter XXII. Particular Battles, Stratagems, _I.oases . 244-259 Discipline, 182. - Parades, 182. - Organization, 183. - Battle of I;Iasanpur, 1719, Telescopes, 245. - Reports of Uniform, 183 . ....,.P..u nishments, 184. - Drill, Kasarat, 1.85. ...,.. Battles, 254. - Stratagems of war, 255. - Fictitious Swordplay, 186. - Horsemanship, 187. - Mounting guard, desertion, 255. - Ambush, 255. - Personation of leader, 188. - Hunting, 189. 257. - Night surprizes, 257. - Statistic:&o f losses, 258. - Chapter XVI. Arm., in the Field • . . . . . . • . 190-194 Treatment of slain and wounded, 259. General remark.s..,. ..1 90. - Mfr Manzil, 190. - Transport, ·Chapter XXIII. Forts and Strongholds . . . . . . . 260-269 Baggage (Bahir o.,,JJangah,P artal), 191. - Commissariat, General remarks, 260. - Bound hedges, 261. - }!ill forts, 191. - Ban.faras, 11)2. - Fodder, 192. - Foraging, 192. - 262. - Places of refuge, 263. - Walled towns, 263. - . Scarcity and sufferin~, 193. - Flight of inhabitants, 194. Various parts ofa fortification, Technical words, l}i§iir, qifah, Chapter XVII. Camps and\ Camp Equipage . . . . . 195-201 qafahchah, garhi, ma~~ur shudan, ma~~arah kardan, Tents, 195. - Peshkhanah, 195 .. - Camp, description of, burj-o-barah, kungur, fafi.l, safil, chatah, goonga, kamrgah, 195. - Emperor's tents, 196. - Colour of tents, 198. - rauni, sang-andiiz, damiighah, 263. - Description of a Guliilbar, 199. - Jali, 199. - Tanab-i-quruq, 200. - small fort, 266. - References for other descrintions. 268. - Rahkalah-biir, 200. - Harems, 200. Imperial fortresses, 268. Chapter XVIII. Army on the March . . . . . . . . 202-214 Chapter XXIV. Sieges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270-295 Lucky moment, 202. - Emperor taking field in person, 202. - General remarks, 270. - A.pproacbb y sap and mine, 273. - Order of march, 203. - Standards, 205. - Military music, Sabat, 274. - Sandbags, 27~. - Movable shields, 278. - Naubat, 207. - Patrolling and watching, 209. - Escort SAfitU.r,2 78. - Malchiir, 278. - Temporary wall, 279. - duty, 210. - Conveyances of Emperor, 210. - Salutation Siba· or Towers, 279. - Indian defence of forts, storming, on Emperor's passing, 210. - Crossing rivers, 211. - l 28t. - Scaling ladders, 281.· - Modes of repelling assaults, Marching through passes, 212. - Scouts and spies, 213. - 282. - Stones, 283. - Evacuation after assault, 284. ...:... Negociations, 214. Reduction by starvation, 284. - Gurda.spiir, 285. - Thiin, 285. - Second siege of Thiin, 287. - Communications Chapter XIX. Length of Marches . . . • . . . . . 215-222 between besiegers and besieged, 287. - Keys of fortl'!lsses, Offitlial day's march, 216. - Length of kos, instances, 217. - 287. - Particular sieges, 288. -Jaitpur, 289. - Allahijbii.d, Forced marches, 218. -Army marching, 219.-Instances, 220. 290. - Bangarh, 291. - ,\.gral,, 294. Chapter XX. Order of Battle . . . . . . . . . . • 223-228 Chapter XXV. General Observations ... 296-300 Qarawal, 224. - Qalawuri,-224. - /(tali, 225. - Vanguard (Hariiwal), 225. - Muqaddamah-itl-jais, 225. - Manqalii, 225. - Juzah-i~harawal, 226. - Right wing, 226. - Left wing, 226. - Advanced guard of Centre (iltmish), 226. - The centre; 226. - Wings (Tara~) of the centre, 227. - Rear guard, 227: - Saqah·; 227. - Nasaqchi, 227. - Tau lqamah, 227. Chapter XXI. Conduct of a Battle . . . . . . . . . 229-243 Artillery fire, 229. - Zanjirah band, 230. - Battle cries, 232. - Charges, 2~2. - Chevaux de (rise or caltrops, 233 - Loss of leader decisive, 235. - Untimely plundering, 236. - Single combat, 236. - The Utifrn, 237. - Other technical terms, 239. - .{lamkat-i-mmbuhi, 239. ·- _Qa:aqi,2 40. - Dar yoshah-i-kamiin ;ada11,2 40;~ Talaq"i-i-fariqain, 241.- Siyah namudan, 241. - Hallah, ~41. - Yurish, 241. - Hai,at-i-majuiu<"i,2 41. - Chapk11nclti,C ha1:,qalas12',4 1.. - ' .. <'k 1,•. j- PREFACE. In 1894 I began the prepar~tory studies for 1111 account of the later Indian Moghul ·system of government and administration in all its bnmches, being impelled by the belief that some infornui:tiun of the kind was a necessary introduction to a History of that period, which I had previously plan!}ed and commenced: Before I had done r more than sketch out my first part, which deals with the Sovereign, the Court ·Ceremonial, and the elaborate system i of Entitlature, I noticed the issue of a book ou a part 9f my subject by Dr. Paul Hortl. 1 'fi1e pt;rusal of this • excellent work diverted my attention to a later section of my proposed Introduction, the subject of the Army and Army Organization; und in this way I have been led to write this portion before any of the others. Except incident ally, my paper is neither a translation flOr a review of Dr. Horn's essay; and though indebted to him, as acknow le4ged· from time to time, my study covers, in the niain, .quite ·clifferent ground, forming a complement to what he has done, and, as I think, carrying the subject a gooa deal farther in sev.eral directions. Dr. Hom seems to have read chiefly th!3 authorities fqr the period before Aurangzeb '.Alamgir; while my reading has been confined in great measure to the reign.s of Aurangzeh's successor:.; in the ' 11Das Heer~ und Kriegswe~<m de1• G1'0~11-!Vloghulsb"y, Dr. Paul }lol"D, P1·ivat-Dozent 'an der UniversitiU Strassburg, Svo, pp. 160. (E. J. Bl'ill: Leiden, 1894.) I I 2 PREFACE. I period 1707-1803. The sources upon which we dra~ are °t thus almost entirely .independent of each other; and I hope that my contribution to this rather obscure corner of Indian J history mav not be thotwht inferior in interest to that of • 0 1 my predecessor.11he first seven chapters have already appeared in the Jonrnal of the Royal Asiatic Society for July 1896 CHAPTER I. COMMISSIONED RANK AND MODE OF RECRVITING. Few sold_iers were entertained directly by the emperor himself; a11d for tJ1e most part 'the men entered first the 1 service of some chief or leader. 'rhese chiefs were ranked acco~ding to the number of 1flen that they had raised or were expected to raise. In this way originated the system of mam;ab, first introduced by Akbar (.A,rn, i, 237). 'fhi& mode of recruiting the arrny through the officerst renders it necessary to begin by a statement' of the manner in which the officer&t hemselves were appointed and graded. A1an~ab was n.>t a term confined solely to the military service; every man in State errip loy above the position of a QQ._mmosno ldier or messenger, whatever the nature of his duties, civil or military, obtained a man,'fab. In fact, ther~ were for all gi:ades, except the ve:y lowest, only two modes of obtaining support from State funds:. a man must either enter its active service, as the holder of a mam;ao, or he must pe~ition 'for a madad-i-mu'ii.sh( literally, c1helpt o live''), on the grou;nd of being a studeh~ of the holy books, an l\ttendant on a mosque (1imlawalli dr Ir.ha.dim),a man of learning and religious life (dahesh), n. loilltl judge (qii;i), or an ex;pound~r of the Mahomedan law (mu'ft i). · ' The word man,'fab is literally (Dastitr-ul-lnshli, p'. 233) ~{ "the plac~ where a~ything is put or erected" (11niJ./cardan, "1 to place, fix, appoi~t); and then, as a secondary meaning, the Sta!e 0)' Condition Of holding Q j)lllCC,,d ignity I Or OffiCt. 1 It seems to have been in use in Central A'sia before the · .l\loghuls desce;1ded into Hinclt:1stan; ancl Ro~s trn'nslates f 4 THE ARl\lY OF THE INDIAN MOGHULS. I COMMISSIONED RANK AND l\IODE OF RECkUITING. 5· it by the vaguer tern~ "privileges" - Tt7rilch-i~Ras!tid1i,0 3. I. be1ng too numetous and too msignificant to call for d·etailed 'I1his word manqab T represent by the worclr ank, as its object i mention. was to settle pre.cedencea nd fix gradation of pay; it did not I The steps of promotion altered as the officer rose in necessarily imply the exercise of any particular office, and I grade. 'fhe usual gradation was as follow~ (Mira.I, B.M, meant nothing beyond the fact that the holder was in the 1813, fol. 35 ;' Dastiir-ul-cAml, RM. 1641, fol. 446): employment of the State, and bound in return to yield I From 20 to l 00 each rise was by 20 t certain services when called upon. ,, 100 to 4QO ,, ,, 50 'fhe highest manqab t]iat could be held by a snhject, not ,, 400 to 1000 ,, ,, 'JOO of the royal house, was that of commander of 7000 men, ,, 1000 to 4000 ,, ,, 500 though in tp.e later, and more degenerate times we find :L ,, 4000 to 7000 ,, ,, lOOO few instances of promotion to 8000 or even 9000. 1'he '!'here ·i s . a slight discrepancy between this table and the man.~abo f a prince ranged from 7000 np to 50,000, and even higher (Mira.t-ul-lqti/fi/j.,f ol. 35). In the ./f,Tn-i-Albari facts as w,e find them in pr!lctice. It ought to be amended .thus: - (Blochmnnn, 24,Sr2 49) si":x.ty-sgixr ades are stated, beginning at commandel's of 10,000, and ending at those set. over ten From 20 to 60 'a man rose by 10 each time men. Even at that earlier pel'iod there seem to have been ,, · 60 to 100 ,, ,, 20 " -:, only thirty-three of these grades in actual existence (Bloch , Otherwise we shottld exclude the rank of 50, which was inann, 238). All the later authorities agree in holding that common ·enough. Again, ,ye find in many tables no ranks· the lowest office,r's man.~ab- was that of twenty men; and of 250 br 350, although both of these are required to these writers record, I fin,d, n1) more than twenty-seven aeco1:J with the .above scheme of promotion. grades, beginning with-that ot' 7000 ancl ending with that We also find rilention in the historians of ranks which of twenty. In the earlier days of the ~ynasty, rank was do not appear in the above scheme of grades. For instance, granted with a niggard hancl. ln Akbar's time the in Danishmand Khun's Ba!ta.dur Sha.!tuii.mah(f ol. 41b, 56a) highe~t ·rank was fof long tllilt of 5000, and it was only t_owardst he end of his reign that a few inen were promoted we find men appointe9 to 1200 and 2900, grades which do not fit in with the scheme given ai>0ve, nor do these to 7000, while many officers excrcise<ilm. port.ant commands grades appear in the pay-table, copied from the. official although holdfog a comparatively low mant;flb. 'fhc great manuals, which . we give a little further· on. access1ono f territory i'1 the Dakhin and the incessant wnrs connected with these 11cquisitionsm ay account in part. for .As an additional distinction, it was the custom to tack the increase in. the number nnd am~unt of mrJnqabs gl'Hntcd . on to a nu1.111:Jat1 bn 'umber of extra horsemen. To qistinguish by Shiihjnhail nnd <AlamgI1·.l lnt the relative value of betwe~n the two kinds of rnnkf the o·riginal 111'<111.~wahbi, ch rank wiis thc1·eb.Ym uch depreciated; ancl the imthor of the governed the personal allowances, was known as the za.t _JI,l,l sir-ul-U111nrl(li., 8), while considering Akbar's otl-icers rank "3.t=, i,b ody, person~ self), and the additional n~en ef ~'00 .rnnk qf sufficient impol'f.tt)lCeto dest'rve separate ,vere designated by the word s1twilr (= horse1nan). 'fhus biogpiphui, conlents himself in t.he later reigns with going a man would' be styled ".2500 ziit, WOO s111clir." It is n·o lo\!,er.t h,an those of 7000 01·5 000: men below those ranks sitid ( 11liri,_fto, l. a5) that men beklw 5o'o never had,;<twar 6 THE ARMI OF THE INDIAN MOGHULS. COMMISSIONED RANK AND MODE OF RF.U'!tUJTINU. 7 added to their rank; but this is not borne out by '!hat easily be shown were it worth while to labour the point we find in actnal practice. For instance, Mirza Muhammad i further. As for the second reas0n, J have considered it (1'a!kirah; 1.0.L. N°. 50, fol. 96a) was in Rabi< II, 119 H., as well as ·I am able, not being a currency expert; and made 400, 50 horse, and his younger brother 300, 30 horse. it seems to me that with a fixed :ratio between the two There •arc also instances in Danishmand Khan of 150 50 - ' coins, it was a matter of indifference to the receiver of pay horse; 300, 10 horse; 300, 20 horse; 300, 80 horse; 400., whether the amoun't was stated in the one ~r in t.he other 40 horse: and so on. In fact, unless this had been the case unit of value. The two unitS' being tied together by the ., it would b1: impossible to divide the ranks below 500 into fixed ratio, and the disb,usements being in fact made (as first, second, and third grade, as was actually done. 'fhis we know) in rupees, the payee suffered, or did not suffer, division into grades we now proce~d to describe. equally hy either mode of calculation. . On the distribution of rank into zat and suwar was founded In the following table, which shows all the man~uha with a classification into first, second~ at1d third class man.cmba their pay acoording to class, I have reduced the dam to t • ' by which the scale of !iit pay was reduced proportionately. rupees, as being sit?pler and more readily intelligi~le. !n :b1rom this classification were exempted officers above 5000 the present day, this reckoning by diima has quite d1s -ziit; these were all of one class. From 5000 downwards app~red. Wh~n, reading this table of pay, which sho~s ' an officer was First Class, if his rank in zlit and auwiir were the sanctioned allowances for a year of twelve months~ 1t equal; Second Class, if his au1ciirw as half his z<7! rank; must 1:Sere membered that few of the officers received the Third Class, if the auwiir were Jess than half the ziit, or whole twelve-months' pay, the nu~ber of month's pay r f sanctioned annum ranging from four to twelve. Officers there were no auwiir at all ( Daat-iir-1tl-l11sh2a2, 2). think were also supposed te keep up an establishment of elephants that here Blochmann (Aln, i, 238, line.; 5 and foll.) obscures and draught cattle. Apparently they were also liable to pay the subject by using "contingent" as the equ,ivalent of a. fixed quota of their own all~wances towards the expenses auwar. instead of leaving the untranslated original word of the Emperor's elephants an~ cattle, ~n item known as to express a technical meaning. khiirak-i-dawabb, feed of four-footed animals. There were Pay was reckoned in a money of account called a dam, 'oth~r petty deductions. of which forty went to the rupee. 'fhere were also coins called dibn; but the dams of account, bearing a fixed rnt10 to the rupee, must be.distinguished us a different thing from the coin, though called by the same name. Here Dr. Horn, • 16, _i s of opinion that , the reckoning was made in such a small unit as the ~·. of a rupee, less to mnke a grand show with big figures' than because the value o'f the rupee varied. On this hend I am of exactly the opposite opinion, 1 for I think that the princieal, if not the only object, wns , to swell the totals and make t.he pay sound bigger than it really was. 'l'hat. spirit runs throitgr. everything done in I the Enst, at any rate 'in the Indian portion of it, as could ,1 8 THE ARMY OF THE INDIAN MOGHUI,S: COMMISSIONl~D R:ANK AND MODE OF RECRUITING. 9 ' ., py ~n addition to the simple divi~jon manqah alo~e, there TABLE 01!' ,11.A.NSAB-I-?.iT :WITH YEARLY PAY IN RUPEES. I . I was abo a grouping of officers intp.~qm~ ~~3::sseFs.r om ,20 to 400 II I -they were ~erely "officers: withJ~ lW.j~tn'~n*(lh~iir)"; fn>m YEARLY PAY IN RUPEES. 1 RANK ., '· .. 500 to 2500 they were Noblcs--,Bloch:i,ulnn,J,. 535 (.A1111p.rl,. (Jiails.a.l ,-i-·at) I Umarii., origin of our form "0mrah"); f1:om.3 00,0 to 7000 ~ First Cliiss. Second Class. Third Class. i . they were Great Nobles (Amir-i-Jzam, pl. 'Uzzo.% Umar/{· i, 1 ';000 350,000 - - i-kibar (Bl~.ichfnann, 52'iJ, note), "'or Pillars U"tlnzd4f.}• A ll 2 6000 300,000 I - - manqabdlir8 were kept on one or other of tw9 Ji.st~i: (1.) 34 45500000 222550,,000000 j 221472,,550000 2~3150,,000000 'JjJi.;ir-i-rikab,p resent at Comt'; (2) 'Pa°inato, n duty elsewh~r~·, 5 4-000 200,000· I 1()2,500 185,000 Suwilr Rank, -_The grarit of suwar in addition to !_lilr anfs I7si 33500000 1H7O5,,0IJ0O0 O I 11647,:,15,0500 0 113650,,000000 ' ,. was an honour. Dr. Paul Horn, 15, supposes, h,>wever, 2500 125,000 117,500 '110,000 that these horsemen were paid out of the zat allowances. T9O 2000 100,000 f '92,500 ;85,000 1500 75,000 l 67,500 60,000 In that case a man who had no .<J11wawr ould be better 111.123 .•. 10!sl0(oJ0.o 0· 335170,,,250500000 I 343f70l;.,50200500~ · .. '324585,,,0700p0000 Bpauiwd arth taon hiasn oztahet r rawnk'h. o Nwaatus ;·haollnyo uDrerd. Hwoirthn , th1e6 , ahdodlidtiso·n t haotf H 700 27,500 26.250 25,000 15 600 :lH,750 I 22,500 21',250 · th'is, "eigentli;h nicht recht 'glaublich ist.J' ,He is quit,e 10 500 20,000 18,750 17,500 right ,in his conjecture. ':l1he explanation is, that the table 17 400 12,500 I 12,000 '11,500 18 300 10,000 '%00' 9000 of pay in Blochmann, i, 248, and that giv'en ahove, are 2190 210500 765:!0500 I 75010500 I 65520500 exclusively for the 3-at rank, from which ni'oney the officer 21 100 50()0 II 4500 4000 had to maintain his transport, his hou.;d10ld, and some ·22 8(J 3500 i 3250. · 3000 23 60 2.;00 I 2:375 21:;o horsemen . .For the 8uwar rank there was a separate table, 2251 , 5400 21172550 I 21060205 11580705 ..,. pay for these horsemen being disbursed under. the n11meo f 20 30 1'175 I 1250 .1125 the Tabznan. As Orme says ("Hist. }'rag.," 418J, the officer 27 :!O I 1000 875, 750 l raising the troops was responsible for the behaviour of his (Da8fiir-ul-~Aml, B.M. N°. 1641, fol, 44b, id. B\t Nr.. lq90, men; he therefore brought men of his own family or such fol. 1736, Dastiir-11!-lns(<pa., 234.) 'l'he rates of pay in Akbar's as l~e could depend on. another rule was, according to reign, as given in the last column of B~ochmann's table (Afn, the Mirat~i-A~madi, ii, 118, that the Tabinan, if horscmer.., i, 248), were much higher than the above, which refers to· must be one third Mughals, one third Afglians, and one 'Alamgir' s time and later. It wilrbe notie,ed that the difference t~ird Rajp uts; if infantry, ,two thirds archers, and one of pay between first, second. and third class is as follo\vs ! - third matchlockmen. :From 20 to 60 5,000 })am, or Rs. 125 yearly. Tabinan. - Blochmann, i, 232, note 1, who, apparently, For 80 I 0,000 "· "· 250 ,, translates this word as well a& suwii.r by "contiugcnt," From 100 to 400 20,000 ., ., 500 ,,, derives it from the' Arabic tabin, one who follows. 1 'fhe For 1000 100,000 ., ,, 2500 ,, ,.\. ~~-' 1 Steinga~s. 272, (:J'::~~,c rA , following in the steps of another; but Pav~· l :b'rom 1500. to 5000 300,000 ,, ,, ·7500 ,. de Courteille, Diet. Turc. Ol'iental, 194, claims it as a Ohaghatiie Word, (B.M. 6599, fol. 1446). with the n'leanings ··or "a troop of 50 men, the hoily-guard, lite pag(ls.,;' l THE ARMY OF '!'HE INDIAN MOGHULS. COMMISSIONED RANK AND MODE OF RECRUITING. } boo~s (B.M .. !64.l, fol. 46h, B.M. 6599, 144h an~)48h) g~ve iJl the cavalry was socially an honourable profession; thus a long table setting forth th~ir pay in dams, be~inning, with a common trooper was looked on as beine1 to some extent o• • that for five horsemen ~nd ~nding with that for 10,000, b~\. a gentleman, and such men, even when illiterate, often rose as the ,basis for calcula!ion remains the same thro,ughou~, it to the highest, positions. is- ,sufficient here to work out the pay for one horseman. The pay o~ the 1'iihiniin was drawn by the man~ahdiir, l!,or five horsemen, then 40,000 dams a year were allowed. w_ho was entitled to retain 5 per cent. of their pay for That would be 8000 dams for one man; and this !;Um in himself (Aln, i, 265). Pay· was not always 'allowed for a da1i1sy·i elds Rs. 200 a year (at the fixed .rate of 40 dilms whole year; often only for six, five, or four moqths. This to the rupee), or Rs. 16 10a. Sp. per ,man per mensem. fact renders it impossible, to calculate the actual expenditure, Bernier 217 states the rate as somewhat higher - "he for, although we generally can find out whether a vu:rn~ahdar I > > that 0keeps one horse shall not receive less. than 2~ rupe~s was first, second, or third, class, we rarely know for what a month." For this sum, of course, the man provided his number of months in the year his pay was sanctioned·. own horse and armour, and paid for his own and his horse's Oheliis. - As a counterpoise to the mercenaries in their keep. One Dast·ur-ul.CAml,B .M. 6599, fol. 144h, tells us employ, over vyhom they had a very loose hold, commanders that the number of horses to men among the troopers were in the habit of getting together, as the kernel of their (tiibiniin-i-hariidm;i)w as according to the rule of dah-hist force, a body of personal dependent& or slaves, who had (lit. "ten-twenty"), meaning apparently that the total no one to look to except their master. Such troops were number of horses was double that of the number of men. known by the Hindi name of chelii (a slave). 'fhey were fed, clothed, and lodged by their employer, had mostly: The scale was as follows : -- been brought• up and trained by him, and had no other .3 three-horsed men = 9 horses home than his camp. They were recruited chiefly from 4 two-horsed men= 8 horses, c~_ildren take~ in war or bought from their parents during 3 one-horsed men =,3 horses times of fam1Qe. The great majority were of Hindu origin, l O men 20 horses but all were ,mape Mahomeqans when received into the b.o~y of chelas. ,These chelfts were the only troops on That' is, with, lOOO men there would he MOO horses. The which a m~n could place entire relian<;e as being ready par of the men with the extrll, horses was hi.?her, but not to follow lus fortunes in both foul and fair weather. in proportion. 'rhus, a one-horsed rqan received &O?OD. Mul.mmmad Khan Bangash's system qf chelas is described 9r Rs. 200 a year (Rs. 16 10a. Sp. per 111ense!'n)w, hile the two·-or three-horsed man got 11,000 :µ. or Rs. 275 a year by me in J.A.S. Bengal, part i, 1878, p. 340. (Rs. 22 14a. Sp. per mensem). In some.places we find ~ther rates of pay recorded. :For instance, Bahadur __S hah enlisted Af/arJ1s,m en a li.ttle superior to common sokiers, at Rs. 40 a month (Dani~lnnan<l Khan, second ~afar c;>fth e scc-ond year, i.e. 1120 H. :_=; 22ndA pril 1708). A century later, as Fitzchrcnce tell:; us, "Journal," 73, U2, the rate was ll8. 40 a month in ,t.hc Dakhin, and H.. 22 in Hindustfln. Servic~