The Ark and the Tent: Temple Symbolism in the Story of Noah Jeffrey M. Bradshaw Presentation for “The Temple on Mount Zion” Conference Provo Utah Public Library 22 September 2012 Figure 1. Title Introduction In my remarks today, I will focus on temple symbolism in the story of Noah, with a special focus on the Ark of Genesis 7-‐8 and the Tent of Genesis 9.1 In doing so, I will draw parallels and contrasts with the accounts of the Creation, the Garden, and the Fall in the Bible and the book of Moses, as well as with the worldwide literature concerning flood heros. Figure 2. Stephen T. Whitlock, 1951-‐: Noah Sees the Ark in Vision2 The Ark and the Tabernacle It is significant that, apart from the Tabernacle of Moses3 and the Temple of Solomon,4 Noah’s Ark is the only man-‐made structure mentioned in the Bible whose design was directly revealed by God.5 In this image, God shows the plans for the Ark to Noah just as He later revealed the plans for the Tabernacle to Moses. The hands of Deity hold the heavenly curtain as Noah, compass in his left hand, regards intently. Figure 3. The Ark and Its Occupants, Silos Apocalypse, 11096 Like the Tabernacle, Noah’s Ark “was designed as a temple.”7 The Ark’s three decks suggest both the three divisions of the Tabernacle and the threefold layout of the Garden of Eden.8 Indeed, each of the three decks of Noah’s Ark was exactly “the same height as the Tabernacle and three times the area of the Tabernacle court.”9 Figure 4. J. James Tissot, 1836-‐1902: The Ark of the Covenant, ca. 1896-‐1902.10 Further strengthening the association between the Ark and the Tabernacle is the fact that the Hebrew term for Noah’s Ark, tevah, later became the standard word for the Ark of the Covenant in Mishnaic Hebrew.11 In addition, the Septuagint used the same Greek term, kibotos, for both Noah’s Ark and the Ark of the Covenant.12 The ratio of the width to the height of both of these arks is 3:5.13 Figure 5. A Modern Depiction of the Ark14 Marking the similarities between the shape of the Ark of the Covenant and the chest-‐like form of Noah’s Ark, Westermann describes Noah’s Ark as “a huge, rectangular box, with a roof.”15 The biblical account makes it clear that the Ark “was not shaped like a ship and it had no oars,” “accentuating the fact that Noah’s deliverance was not dependent on navigating skills, [but rather happened] entirely by God’s will,”16 its movement solely determined by “the thrust of the water and wind.”17 Figure 6. The Ark of Moses18 Consistent with the emphasis on deliverance by God rather than through human navigation, the Hebrew word for ark reappears for the only other time in the Bible in the story of the infant Moses, whose deliverance from death was also made possible by a free-‐floating watercraft—specifically, in this case, a reed basket.19 Reeds may have also been used as part of the construction materials for Noah’s Ark, as we will discuss below. Figure 7. Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1568-‐1625: The Entry of the Animals Into Noah's Ark, 161320 Besides the resemblances in form between the Ark and the Tabernacle, there is also the manner by which it was entered and exited. For example, it has been noted by scholars that, in the Mesopotamian story of Gilgamesh, there is a similarity of the loading of the ship to the loading of goods into a temple.21 Morales discusses the centrality of the theme of entering and leaving the Ark as reason “to suspect an entrance liturgy ideal at work,”22 with all “‘entries’ as being via Noah,”23 the righteous and unblemished priestly prototype.24 Figure 8: Eugene Francis Savage, 1883-‐1978: Cypress Trail, 194525 With respect to the material out of which Noah’s Ark was constructed, Genesis 6:14 reads: Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. The referent for the term “gopher wood”—unique in the Bible to Genesis 6:14—is uncertain.26 Modern commentators often take it to mean cypress wood.27 Because it is resistant to rot, the cypress tree was the main wood used in ancient times for the building of ships.28 Figure 9. Adam and Eve Enthroned in Paradise, 16th-‐century29 There is an extensive mythology about the cypress tree in cultures throughout the world. It is known for its fragrance and longevity30—qualities that have naturally linked it with ancient literature describing the Garden of Eden.31 A cypress tree is pictured directly behind Adam and Eve in the center of this 16th-‐ century Islamic depiction. Cypress trees were sometimes used to make temple doors—gateways to Paradise.32 The possibility of conscious rhyming wordplay in the juxtaposition of gopher and kopher (“pitch”) within the same verse cannot be ruled out. As Harper notes, the word kopher might have evoked, for the ancient reader, “the rich cultic overtones of kaphar ‘ransom’ with its half-‐shekel temple atonement price,33 kapporeth ‘mercy seat’ over the Ark of the Covenant,34 and the verb kipper ‘to atone’ associated with so many priestly rituals.”35 Some of these rituals involve the action of smearing or wiping, the same movements by which pitch is applied.36 Just as God’s presence in the Tabernacle preserves the life of His people, so Noah’s Ark preserves a righteous remnant of humanity along with representatives of all its creatures.
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