LLooyyoollaa UUnniivveerrssiittyy CChhiiccaaggoo LLooyyoollaa eeCCoommmmoonnss Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1945 TThhee AArriissttootteelliiaann EElleemmeennttss ooff TTrraaggeeddyy aass FFoouunndd iinn HHoommeerr Joseph A. Fitzmyer Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Classics Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Fitzmyer, Joseph A., "The Aristotelian Elements of Tragedy as Found in Homer" (1945). Master's Theses. 173. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/173 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1945 Joseph A. Fitzmyer TI-lE ARISTOTELIAN ELEI'IlEl'TTS O.F' TRAl.TEDY BY JOSEPH A. F'ITZMYER, S. J., A. B. A THESIS SuBMITTED IN PARTIAL l"ULB"ILIJ.lEJ'TT OF TEE REQ,UIHEl:lf~lTTS POR THE DEGREE OF IViAS'l'ER O:B' AR'l1S IN LOYOLA U1JIVEHSITY APFIL 1945 VITA Joseph A. Fitzmyer, s. J. was born in Philadelphia, Penn sylvania, November 4, 1920. For eight years he attended St. Hugh Parochial School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in June, 1934. He then attended st. Joseph's College High School, gradu ating in June, 1938. On July 30 of the same year he entered the Society of Jesus at St. Isaac Jogues 1 Novitiate, Wernersville, Pennsylvania. Upon the co:<npletion of the two years of Noviceship, he passed to the Juniorate, where he spent two years in the study of Latin, Greek and English Literature. At that time the Juniorate was affiliated with Georgetown University, in which institution he was enrolled from August, 1940 to 1942. In September August~ of the latter year he transferred to West Baden College, affili ated with Loyola University, and received the degree of bachelor of Arts with a major in Greek in December, 1943. Whereupon he enrolled in the graduate school of Loyola University in the department of the Classics. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAP'rER PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. INTRODUCTION ... 1 I. ANCIENT TESTIMONY OF HOMER 1 S THAGIC ABILITY • 4 That Aristotle considered Homer's poetry as tragic is evident from the Poetics---This notion is not new---statement attributed to Aeschylus---Plato's opinion---Isocrates-- Polemo. II. ARISTOTLE 1 S NOTION OJ:l' TRAGEDY • • .. • • .. • • • .. • 16 Is there such a notion?---To what extent may we use it as a guide?---Aristotle 1s de finiti8n of tragedy---Analysis of definition ---Catharsis of emotions---The six elements of tragedy: plot, character', thought, dic- tion, song, spectacle. . . III. THZATlVlEHT OF PL:)T • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Brief of aristotle's prescriptions s~~ary for a tragic plot---The Aristotelian plot as applied to Homeric poetry---The emotion al elements of plot and poetry-- no~eric The change of fortune---Complication and denouement---Unity of plot. IV. TREATMENT OF CHAHACTER ••••••••••••••• 67 Meaning of ~"1 '\eos ---B- rief summary of Aris- totle's prescriptions for a tragic charac ter---The character should be "good"-- Sone homeric characters---The hamartia-- Of Achilles, Hector---The suitors---The characters should be "true to type11 --- 11like the original"---"consistent". V. TREATMENT OF THOUGHT •••••••••••••••• S7 Meaning of ~~~vo uc. ---Brief surmnary of Aristotle's prescriptions for thought--- The five types of speeches (demonstrative, refutation, emotional, exaggerating, de preciatory) and Homer's practice. VI. TREATMENT OP EMOTION • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • 97 Brief summary of Aristotle's prescriptions for arousing pity and fear---Are these same emotions excited in epic poetry?--- Homer's practice in arousing the emotions ---By the plot---By unexpected but prob able incidents---by deliberate-actions of the characters---Catharsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. CONCLUSIOF • • • • 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . 113 INTRODUCTION There was a time in ancient Greece when men claimed that if you knew Homer's poems, you were all-wise. The rhapsodes who performed at the great festivals, reciting the Iliad and the Odyssey, were famous for making assertions of this sort. Probably it was just such talk that induced Plato to write the Ion, an amusing satire on the rhapsodes of fifth century Athens. Plato's Ion boasts that since he knows the rhapsode's art, and can recite his beloved Homer, he knows everything else.l Homer speaks of war and strategy; Ion is therefore the best general in all Greece. Xenophanes, a severe critic of Homer, agreed with Ion, when he wrote: ;~ ~,O}(.~S K.c.e' ""op.,po¥ e ET!"eC P.Ef.lCX ~ l<.«trL mfvrEs. 2 This was the peak to which admira- tion for Homer reached in the fifth century. Although Homer had not been without his "scourges", yet he certainly had his admirers who attributed to him all wis dom. They even called him the Schoolmaster of Hellas,3 since his poems were used in the schools to teach the youth to be upright and virtuous citizens. Not content with the bestowal of this title, they conferred another - the First Tragedian. 1 Ion, 539D ff. 2 Plato, Hipparchus, 228B; Republic, 606E; Isocrates, Pane- El!icus, 159. ---- 3 ~g~O (H. Diels, Die Frawg. mente der Vorsokratiker, Fuenfte Auflage herausgegeben-ion Kranz, Weidmannsche Buchhand lung, Berlin, 1934, I, 131.) 2 Tragedians were plentiful in the Athens of those days - and good too. But none came before Homer, either in time or emi- nence. Certainly to anyone who is at all familiar with the stor.ies of the Iliad and the Odyssey the reason for such an honor is quite apparent. Aristotle thought so, and constantly made comparisons between Homer and the tragedians. Moreover, the people of ancient Greece, who had a very precise understanding of what they meant by "the tragic", and who possessed such re markable examples of tragedy, penned by the brilliant genius of their three renowned tragedians - examples such as even we in this twentieth century can enjoy quite fully - looked upon the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey as the Father of the Tragedians. What was the reason for such an opinion? Obviously they felt that these poems contained the same rich tragic elements which touched their hearts and thrilled their souls as they sat in the theatre of Dionysus, listening to a masterpiece wrought by Aeschylus or Sophocles, the prophecy of Cassandra or the rash, bold persistence of Oedipus. As the words of Homer's poetry fell from the lips of clear-voiced rhapsodes, they recognized that Homer, too, was a tragedian; his poetry, too, possessed those qualities which characterized the great tragedians. 3 In this thesis we are going to discover just what the ancients meant by the term 11first tragedian". The reasons for this title are to be found within the Homeric poems themselves. In our search for these reasons we shall employ Aristotle's concept of tragedy, limiting it to four essential elements, plot, character, thought and emotion. We are using Aristotle.' s concept of tragedy, because he was a Greek, who sat year after year with many an Athenian throng listening to those famous Greek tragedies. He dwelt with those who knew their tragedy well, and he himself has stated concisely what he experienced by "the tragic". With Aristotle as our guide, we shall in vestigate the Iliad and the Odyssey to find out whether Home~ic tragedy was really the seed out of which blossomed forth the immortal flowers of Athenian tragedy. The ancient authors ap parently thought Homer's poetry was the germ of later tragedy. If so, then we should be able to find in the Homeric poems those elements which were later essential to true Greek tragedy. Our investigation will ascertain to what extent Homer used those details which Aristotle many centuries later was to lay down as criteria for ;ood tragedy. In this way we hope to vin dicate the name of Homer as the First Tragedian. CHAPTER I ANCIENT TESTIMmrY OF HOMER'S TRAGIC ABILITY When reading the Poetics one cannot help but notice how frequently Aristotle quotes and alludes to the poems of Homer, which he constantly uses to exemplify and illustrate his own treatise.l If we were to gather together the statements he makes about Homer, the following is the judgment, stated con- cisely, which he passes on Homer in this work. Homer is highly honored fQr the way in which he conceals matters that are illogical, for the way in which he tells falsehoods, for his unity, his Discoveries, and plots, and for the fact that he is not ignorant of the part the poet should fill in his hi~self poetry. There are many passages in the writings of Aristotle which could be cited to substantiate the close relation he saw be- tween tragedy and Homeric epic poetry. For him epic was just another of the tragic art; perhaps it would be better to for~ say, an earlier form. In the twenty-third and twenty-fourth chapters of the Poetics, where he treats of epic poetry, he constantly refers to what he has already said about tragedy, w. s. 1 Hinman, in his dissertation, Literary Quotation and Allusion in the Rhetoric, Poetics and Nicomachean Ethi~of Aristotle-rna publ. given, Staten ISiand, N. Y., 106-117)-, shows that Aristotle has quoted Homer twenty times, and al luded to him twenty-seven times in the Poetics. 2 ibid., 130. 4 5 applying the same elements (except for song and spectacle) to both. In general, that relation between tragic and epic poetry is clearly expressed in the following sentence from the Poetics. a ~C1'77'6J; ~ F Kct~ r~ IT mv o<.l~ J,J.fi.'A a( I"T« 7T'O c YJ- T"JS 0~'1'\~0'i ~v (fJOYfl~ 1.--P ou;c; 8Tt ~tl dAX.. ll•tt. ~~~~V'f.tS . ffctt'-dTirc«S lno{l)CT'fiY), oi1TWS 'rlis 1<111\ -df I<UJ~ !¥ llfii.S crx~ IJ:~:'Cot Trf iJ TOS tm?J~, St'"-V 0~ ,~ro'i .v.A.~ ~ r~}.,lll'llv (pf/1.- 3 ~fi..TO rro • ~ cratS. Although in the context Aristotle is speaking more of comedy, it is quite evident that there was not the slightest doubt in his mind that Homer's poetry was an excellent example of dra- matic content and action. For him Homer was not 0:::1ly a supreme poet and a superb story-teller, but a dramatist, a tragedian. Moreover, he considered epic and tragic poetry as kindred modes of imitation.4 The full import of the passage just quoted is brought out by Hinman. • • .Aristotle means that one may relate a story by simple narration or by drama tization, both of which Homer does. Plato, Rep. 392D-394D, describes Homer in the 3 Poetics 1448b 34ff. (The text used in this thesis is that of I. Bywater, Aristotelis de Arte Poetica Libor, second edition, Oxford Classical Texts-Series, Clarenaon Press, Oxford, 1938.) 4 cf. Poet. 1447a 13ff. 5 Poet:-I448a 20-24.