*ALLEN_(i-vi)FMrev_3rdpas 6/14/01 2:40 PM Page i (Black plate) THE ARCHITECT’S STUDIO COMPANION RULES OF THUMB FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN Third Edition Edward Allen and Joseph Iano John Wiley & Sons,Inc. *ALLEN_(i-vi)FMrev_3rdpas 6/14/01 2:41 PM Page ii (Black plate) This book is printed on acid-free paper.o Copyright ©2002 by John Wiley &Sons,Inc.,New York.All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,without either the prior written permission of the Publisher,or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,(978) 750-8400,fax (978) 750-4744.Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,605 Third Avenue,New York, NY 10158-0012,(212) 850-6011,fax (212) 850-6008,E-mail:[email protected]. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.If professional advice or other expert assistance is required,the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Allen,Edward,1938– The architect’s studio companion:rules of thumb for preliminary design / Edward Allen and Joseph Iano.—3rd ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-39235-9 (cloth :alk.paper) 1.Architectural design—Handbooks,manuals,etc.—I.Iano,Joseph. II.Title NA2750 .A556 2001 721—dc21 2001024235 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *ALLEN_(i-vi)FMrev_3rdpas 6/14/01 2:41 PM Page iii (Black plate) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W e wish to thank the many individuals who con- complexities of production,and Cynthia Zigmund, tributed so graciously to the making of this book. Erika Levy,and BarbaraTillman for their cheer and Among those professionals whom we consulted dur- professionalism in handling the many administrative ing its formative stages,special mention goes to difficulties. Prof.Carl Bovile of the University of Maryland,who For their valuable assistance in reviewing pre- strongly influenced the underlying philosophy of the liminary drafts of the first edition,we thank David book,and Prof.Stephen Vamosi of the University of Glassner of Temple University,Roger N.Goldstein of Cincinnati,who gave generously of his expertise on Goody,Clancy Associates,Jack Kremers of Kent State mechanical and electrical systems.Robert Heryford, University,Sandra Davis Lakeman of California P.E.,and Peter S.Watt,P.E.,of R.G.Vanderweil Polytechnic University,Alan Levy of the University of Associates and Marvin Mass of Cosentini Associates Pennsylvania,John Reynolds of the University of also shared freely their knowledge in this area. Oregon,Donald Prowler of the University of Richard J.Farley of the University of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania,and Marc Schiller of the University of and Daniel Schodek of Harvard University gave valu- Southern California. able advice on structural matters.Joel Loveland,of The third edition was produced under the expert the University of Washington Department of care,guidance,and patient encouragement of Wiley Architect and the Seattle Lighting Design Lab,gener- senior editor Amanda Miller,with able assistance ously provided valuable concepts as well as helpful from Maury Botton.Figaro set the type for the new review for the third edition’s chapter on daylighting tables,graphs,and text.Karin Kincheloe,a truly gift- design.For additional contributions of technical ed artist,created the designs for all three editions of expertise we are indebted to architects Harvey the book. Bryan,Mark Dooling,Jerry Hicks,Douglas Mahone, We would like,finally,to acknowledge the assis- and Peter Stone. tance and support of those closest to our hearts. The first edition of this book was created Edward Allen expresses his gratitude to Mary M. through an exceptional working relationship with Allen,whose own career is a constant source of the publisher,JohnWiley & Sons,Inc.We thank inspiration to him,and to Joseph Iano,whose imagi- especially Judith R.Joseph,the editor with whom we nation and dedication have greatly enriched their began the project,and ClaireThompson,who con- collaborative efforts for the last two decades.Joseph tinued as editor and guided the book through its Iano especially thanks Edward Allen for his long- development with skill and never-ending optimism. standing friendship and professional encourage- We wish to thank Marcia Samuels for an expert job ment,and Lesley Bain for so many things,but most of copyediting and guiding the book through the important to this work,for her patience. iii *ALLEN_(i-vi)FMrev_3rdpas 6/14/01 2:41 PM Page iv (Black plate) DISCLAIMER T he information in this book has been interpreted especially that this is a book of first approximations, from sources that include building codes,industry information that is not intended to be used for final standards,manufacturers’literature,engineering ref- design of any building or structure.It is the responsi- erence works,and personal contacts with many indi- bility of users to apply their professional knowledge viduals.It is presented in good faith,but although in the use of information contained in this book,to the authors and the publisher have made every rea- consult original sources for more detailed information sonable effort to make this book accurate and as needed,and to seek expert advice as needed, authoritative,they do note warrant,and assume no especially in the later stages of the process of design- liability for,its accuracy or completeness or its fit- ing a building. ness for any particular purpose.The user should note iv *ALLEN_(i-vi)FMrev_3rdpas 6/14/01 2:41 PM Page v (Black plate) CONTENTS How to Use This Book vi (cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) DESIGNING WITH BUILDING DESIGNING FOR EGRESS 243 CODES 1 CONFIGURING THE EGRESS SYSTEM 245 DESIGNING WITH BUILDING CODES 3 SIZING THE EGRESS SYSTEM 263 STAIRWAY AND RAMP DESIGN 279 (cid:1)(cid:1) DESIGNING (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) THE STRUCTURE 15 DESIGNING WITH HEIGHT AND SELECTING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 17 AREA LIMITATIONS 295 CONFIGURING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 31 HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS 297 SIZING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 47 HEIGHT AND AREA TABLES 317 (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) APPENDIXES 403 DESIGNING SPACES FOR MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL A:UNITS OF CONVERSION 403 SERVICES 137 B:BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 SELECTING HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS FOR LARGE BUILDINGS 139 INDEX 407 CONFIGURING AND SIZING MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SERVICES FOR LARGE BUILDINGS 159 MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS FOR SMALL BUILDINGS 195 (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) DESIGNING WITH DAYLIGHT 223 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS 225 CONFIGURING AND SIZING DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS 237 v *ALLEN_(i-vi)FMrev_3rdpas 6/14/01 2:41 PM Page vi (Black plate) HOW TO USE THIS BOOK T his book is your desktop technical advisor for the ear- Typesyoupreviouslyidentifiedaspermittedunderthe liest stages of building design.It reduces complex engi- appropriatebuildingcode. neering and building code information to simple formal 5. Follow the page references given with each choice and spatial approximations that are readily incorporated of structural system to learn in detail what each system into initial design explorations.It does not replace build- looks like and what its potentials and limitations are. ing codes,detailed technical handbooks,and skilled With the information found here,you can begin adding a consultants;it simply helps you prepare a buildable pre- structural plan and sections to the design for your build- liminary design as a realistic basis for the more detailed ing,complete with spacings and approximate sizes of all design development and consultations that will follow. the members. After you have used this book on several projects, youwillhavedevelopedapatternforitsusethatsuits 6. Ifyouneedhelpinlayingouttheoverallstructural yourownwayofgoingaboutdesigningabuilding.The system,turntopage31andthepagesthatfollowforgen- firsttimethatyouuseit,therearetwoapproachesyou eraladviceonconfiguringastructuralsystem. mighttake.Oneissimplytoenterthebookatanypoint 7. When you are satisfied that you have a good initial thatyouwish,usingtheindextabsandfollowingthelogi- scheme for the structure of your building,move to the calpathsindicatedbythecross-referencesuntilyour third section,Designing Spaces for Mechanical and needforinformationissatisfied.Alternatively,youmay Electrical Services,which begins on page 137.Decide wishtobeginatthebeginning,tracingthefollowingsteps first whether your building falls into the “large”or asameansoffindingtheinformationyouneedwhile “small”category.Follow the references to the pages that becoming familiar with the layout of the book. correspond to this category,where you will find help in 1. Turntothefirstsection,DesigningwithBuilding selecting a heating and cooling system.Follow through Codes.Consulttheinformationbeginningonpage7to this section as far as you want to go,learning more about determinewhichmodelbuildingcodetouseasthebasis the characteristics of each system that seems appropri- foryourproject,andwithinthatcode,whichOccupancy ate and determining the sizes and configurations of the GrouporGroupsyourbuildingfallswithin.Makeanoteof spaces it requires.Work these spaces for the mechanical thecodeandOccupancyGroupforreadyreferenceasyou and electrical systems into your developing design. progressthroughtheothersectionsofthebook—these 8. Usetheinformationbeginningonpage223, piecesofinformationareyourkeytounlockingmanydif- DesigningwithDaylight,toevaluatethesuitabilityofday- ferentkindsofinformation. lightilluminationtoyourprojectanditspotentialbene- 2. Movenexttothesecondsection,Designingthe fits.Ifyoudecidethatdaylightingisappropriateforyour Structure.Readthebriefpassageconcerningbuilding building,thissectionofthebookwillhelpyoudetermine coderequirementsonpage19.RefertotheHeightand theimpactofsuchsystemsonyourbuilding’sform,inter- AreaTablesinDesigningwithHeightandAreaLimitations nallayout,andenvelopedesign. thatcorrespondtoyourbuildingcodeandOccupancy 9. With the help of the fifth section,Designing for Groupsnotedearlier.ListfromthesetablestheConstruc- Egress,which begins on page 243,modify the circula- tionTypesyouarepermittedtouseinyourbuilding. tion scheme of your building to meet code requirements 3. Skim the explanation of Construction Types that for emergency egress. begins on page 304.Add notes to your list of permitted 10. Bythistimeyoushouldbefindingyourwaythrough Construction Types to help you remember which specific thebookwithease,usingtheindextabsasyourprimary structural materials and systems are associated with guidepostsandthecross-referencesascluestowhereto each Construction Type. lookforanswerstoyournextquestions. 4. Continuetheprocessofselectingastructuralsystem byreturningtopages20–29,whichwillhelpyouidentify As you gain experience with this book,developing your oneormorespecificstructuralsystemsthatmightbe own patterns of use and adding notations wherever they appropriateforthebuildingyouaredesigning.Besure are useful to you,it will become a personal handbook yourchoicesfallwithinoneoranotheroftheConstruction uniquely suited to your own way of creating buildings. vi ALLEN_(01-014)Codes_3rdpas 5/31/01 6:38 PM Page 1 (Black plate) (cid:1) DESIGNING WITH BUILDING CODES 1 ALLEN_(01-014)Codes_3rdpas 5/31/01 6:38 PM Page 2 (Black plate) ALLEN_(01-014)Codes_3rdpas 6/1/01 8:17 PM Page 3 (Black plate) (cid:1) DESIGNING WITH BUILDING CODES This section will help you determine which model building code to apply to the project you are designing,and within that code,to 3 which Occupancy Group your project belongs.You will need to know these two facts to have full acce.ss to the information throughout this book. Building Codes and Zoning Ordinances 5 Occupancy Groups:International Building Code 7 Occupancy Groups:National Building Code of Canada 11