THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EARLY ROME AND LATIUM This page intentionally left blank THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EARLY ROME AND LATIUM R. Ross Holloway s rn\ London and New York First published in 1994 by Routledge First published in paperback in 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an International Thomson Publishing company © 1994, 1996 R. Ross Holloway Typeset in Garamond by Florencetype Ltd, Kewstoke, Avon Printed and bound by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-415-14360-8 Transferred to digital print on demand, 2005 TH AMICITIAE ROMANAE PERENNIS CAUSA This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of illustrations viii Preface and acknowledgments xvi Basic bibliography xviii Abbreviations xix 1 IINTRODUCTION 1 A brief outline of Roman history 12 j A brief outline of late Italian prehistory 14 j 1Building stone in early Rome 18 2 T1OMBS OF THE FORUM AND ESQUILINE 20 3 (CHRONOLOGY 37 4 IHUTS AND HOUSES 51 5 T1HE SANT’OMOBONO SANCTUARY 68 6 T1HE LAPIS NIGER AND THE ARCHAIC FORUM 81 jArchaic votive deposits in Rome 88 7 W3 ALLS 91 The walls of Veii 102 8 (OSTERIA DELL’OSA 103 9 CC ASTEL DI DECIMA; ACQUA ACETOSA, LI AURENTINA; FICANA; AND CRUSTUMERIUM 114 10 ILAVINIUM 128 11 SsATRICUM 142 PRAENESTE 156 12 1 The “Princely Tombs” 156 The fibula Praenestina 161 13 (CONCLUSION 165 Notes 174 Index 199 vii ILLUSTRATIONS 0.1 Map of Italy. xxi 0.2 Map of Latium. Based on map by Prof. Lorenzo Quilici. xxii 0.3 Map of Rome. After Enea nel Lazio. xxiii 1.1 Map of Rome, area of the Capitoline, Velabrum Valley, and Forum Boarium. 2 1.2 Rome, Capitoline, foundations of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus visible in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Museo Nuovo. Photo courtesy Fototeca Unione presso PAc- cademia Americana, no. 960. 3 1.3 Rome, Forum seen from the Capitoline. Photo courtesy Fototeca Unione presso PAccademia Americana, no. 9082. 9 1.4 Monte Rovello-Allumiere, hoard of raw metal and bronze axes of the Proto-Villanovan age, Museo Nazionale Preistorico ed Etnografico “L. Pigorini.” Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Speciale al Museo Nazionale Preistorico ed Etnografico “L. Pigorini,” no. 18836. 15 1.5 Rome, Forum, Tomb Y, drawing of the remains as found. Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. 16 1.6 Grave goods from Iron Age tombs of the Alban Hills, Rocca di Papa and Marino. Photos courtesy Prof. P. G. Gierow. 16 1.7 Bronze fibulae, twisted bow type, thickened bow type, Rocca di Papa and Marino. Photo courtesy Prof. P. G. Gierow. 17 1.8 Barbarano Romano, ash urn and pottery helmet of the Villanovan type, Museo Nazionale Preistorico ed Etnografico “L. Pigorini.” Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Speciale al Museo Nazionale Preistorico ed Etnografico “L. Pigorini,” no. 18810. 18 2.1 Map of Rome showing early cemeteries. After Enea nel Lazio. 24 2.2 Corinthian olpe with graffito from the Esquiline cemetery, Rome, Antiquarium Comunale - Musei Capitolini. Photo courtesy Musei Capitolini. 25 2.3 Marble ash urn in the form of a sarcophagus, Rome, vin ILLUSTRATIONS Antiquarium Comunale - Musei Capitolini. Photo courtesy Musei Capitolini. 26 2.4 Tufa container for the same marble ash urn, Rome, Antiquarium Comunale - Musei Capitolini. Photo courtesy Musei Capitolini. 26 2.5 Rome, Forum, view of the Sepulcretum during Boni’s exca­ vations. Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. 28 2.6 Rome, Forum, Tomb A. 29 2.7 Rome, Forum, Tomb B at the time of excavation. Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, no. 6190. 30 2.8 Rome, Forum, hut urn from Tomb C, Antiquario Forense. Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. 31 2.9 Rome, Forum, Greek (Protocorinthian) small perfume jar from Tomb G, Antiquario Forense. Photo courtesy Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. 32 3.1 Latian bronze fibula, disc type, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. Photo courtesy Museu de Arqueologia. 38 3.2 Latian bronze fibula, thickened bow type, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. Photo courtesy Museu de Arqueologia. 38 3.3 Latian bronze fibulae, bulbous bow type; bulbous bow made with bone elements. 38 3.4 Latian bronze fibula, bent bow type, the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, gift of Dr and Mrs Jerry Nagler. Photo courtesy Harvard University Art Museums. 39 3.5 Latian bronze fibula, lengthened pin type, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. Photo courtesy Museu de Arqueologia. 39 3.6 Chronological table (association method) of Iron Age tombs in Rome by H. Miiller-Karpe (after RM Ergh. 8, 1962). 41 3.7 Chronological table (association method) of Miiller-Karpe rearranged to emphasize smooth flow of the sequence of tomb groups. 43 3.8 Rome, Sant’Omobono sanctuary, Greek or imitation Greek sherds, Antiquarium Comunale - Musei Capitolini. Photo courtesy Musei Capitolini. 45 3.9 Veii, Middle Geometric Greek cup, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia. After University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, Bulletin Supplement 44. 46 3.10 Veii, Late Geometric Greek cup, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia. After BSA 78. 47 3.11 Esquiline cemetery, jugs of expansive, normal, and contrac­ ted shape. After Skrifter 23. 48 IX