The Archaeology of Anglo-Native Relations Julia A. King St. Mary’s College of Maryland Anglo-Native interaction in 17th-century Maryland was frequent, often friendly, sometimes violent, and always centered around the ongoing struggle for access to resources, especially land. Despite a rich body of information about this interaction, Anglo-Native relations in Maryland remain understudied, especially when compared with other colonies in the Middle Atlantic. This slide presentation describes some of the recent findings from projects undertaken by student archaeologists at St. Mary’s College of Maryland. Beginning in 2008, students in the Department of Anthropology have surveyed a number of properties in Charles and St. Mary’s counties, identifying sites occupied by both Native people and English colonists. Our research is new and, of necessity, preliminary, and we anticipate that, as more documents are reviewed and additional sites identified and tested, our tentative conclusions presented herein will change. Nonetheless, we want to share this information with all Marylanders and invite your interest and participation in our ongoing research. Acknowledgments Skylar Bauer, St. Mary’s College of Maryland Kevin Brady Ed Chaney, MD Archaeological Conservation Lab Dennis C. Curry, Maryland Historical Trust Alex J. Flick, St. Mary’s College of Maryland D. Brad Hatch, University of Tennessee Maureen Kavanagh, Maryland Historical Trust Rico Newman, Piscataway-Conoy Tribe Patricia Samford, MD Archaeological Conservation Lab Scott M. Strickland, The Smallwood Foundation Gabrielle Tayac, Piscataway Indian Nation With grateful appreciation: The Piscataway Indian Nation Billy Redwing Tayac, Chief The Piscataway-Conoy Tribe Mervin Savoy, Tribal Chairwoman Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians Natalie Proctor, Tribal Chairwoman Special thanks to: Mr. and Mrs. Michael J. Sullivan Mr. Michael Besche Mrs. Virginia Besche Mr. and Mrs. Don Eckel Mr. and Mrs. Gaylord Hogue Mrs. D. H. Steffens And the many other landowners who have allowed us to cross and examine their properties for traces of the region’s archaeological history. Is this an Indian axe? In 1681, Jackanapes1, a Mattawoman Indian, reported to Lord Baltimore that the Piscataway, who were then at Zekiah Fort, had sent a basket containing an English axe along with six belts of “peake” (shell beads) to other Indian groups, supposedly as a call to war against the Maryland English. It is unclear if this event really happened, but Charles Calvert, the third Lord Baltimore, took the report seriously.. 1Jackanapes’ Mattawoman name was Passanucohanse. “Jackanapes” is an English word that means ‘monkey,’ and was probably the ‘English’ name given to Passanucohanse. The basket, axe, and peake were to have originated at the settlement at Zekiah Fort.