THE ARABIC-ENGLISH TRANSLATOR AS PHOTOGRAPHER It is a useful book with clear definitions, practical examples, and insightful summary questions. It will be most welcome for those willing to ground their intuitions on translation on more solid linguistic foundations. Qing Cao, Durham University, UK A masterful book that offers a rich, profound and distinctive study on translation. Invaluable and very practical for students, instructors and researchers who regularly deal with the translation of various kinds of texts between Arabic and English. Through relating linguistics to translation, the authors are shedding light on the multidimensional and interdisciplinary aspect of translation and on the fundamental dynamics that underlie the constant evolution of translation studies. Andree Affeich, Lebanese American University, Lebanon The approach employed in The Arabic-English Translator as Photographer is novel and the application of the adopted theoretical concepts to explain the process of translation, as opposed to the traditional text-linguistic, discourse analysis or stylistic concepts, is challenging. The examples and explanations are quite appropriate and make life easier for the reader, be they learners, instructors or translators. Raymond Chakhachiro, Western Sydney University, Australia The Arabic-English Translator as Photographer is ground breaking and presents innovation in the field of translation as it introduces a detailed description of the processes involved in creating the mental image translators conjure in their minds in the process of translating. . . . The book serves as a thorough yet accessible introduction to structural and interpretive semiotics, functional and cognitive grammar, semantics and cognitive linguistics. Hence, it is great resource for both students and researchers new to the field and scholars from neighbouring disciplines. Ruba Khamam, University of Leeds, UK By choosing to use different linguistic approaches as a theoretical basis of their study of translation as a process of picture-taking, The Arabic-English Translator as Photographer: A Linguistic Account offers readers an original view of the translator’s work. In addition to laying emphasis on the importance of giving full consideration to the mental image(s) conjured up in the mind of the translators, the book provides an accessible introduction to structural semiotics, interpretive semiotics, functional grammar, semantics and cognitive linguistics for students and researchers who are new to the field. The book can be used as a basis for (post)graduate students, especially students of MA and PhD in Translation Studies as well as students in modern languages schools. The book focuses on a specific pair of languages, English and Arabic, and presents the relationships generated by texts’ translation, including adverts and other types of texts, between these two languages. Ali Almanna has a PhD in Translation Studies from Durham University (UK) and MA in Linguistics and Translation from Westminster University (UK). Currently, he is teaching Linguistics and Translation in the department of English, Al-Zahra College for Women. His recent publications include ‘The Routledge Course in Translation Annotation’, ‘Semantics for Translation Students’ and ‘The Nuts and Bolts of Arabic-English Translation’. Khaled Al-Shehari is Assistant Professor at Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He holds an MSc (1998) and a PhD (2001) in Translation Studies from the University of Manchester, UK. He has published articles in The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, Translation Studies in the New Millennium, and edited collections. THE ARABIC-ENGLISH TRANSLATOR AS PHOTOGRAPHER A Linguistic Account Ali Almanna and Khaled Al-Shehari First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Ali Almanna and Khaled Al-Shehari The right of Ali Almanna and Khaled Al-Shehari to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-06825-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-06828-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-15810-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Note on transliteration ix List of abbreviations and symbols xi 1 Setting the scene: introductory matters 1 Who is the book for? 1 Why is it different? 2 Structure of the book 3 Hypotheses and research questions 4 Significance of the book 5 Theoretical background 6 2 Signs and syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes 14 Semiotics 14 Signified versus signifier 16 Syntagms and paradigms 18 Commutation test 26 3 A sign’s functions and intertextuality 32 Peirce’s interpretive semiotics 32 Iconic function 34 Indexical function 36 Symbolic function 39 Intertextuality 47 vi Contents 4 Transitivity system 59 Transitivity 59 Material processes 60 Mental processes 62 Verbal processes 64 Behavioural processes 66 Relational processes 68 Existential processes 70 Circumstances 71 5 Semantic roles and flow of energy 82 Arguments and types of semantic roles 82 Verb-specific semantic roles 86 Grammatical relations and semantic roles 90 Energy transfer and mental contact 98 6 Imaging systems I: the configurational system 106 Plexity 106 State of boundedness 109 State of dividedness 112 Disposition of a quantity 113 Degree of extension 114 Pattern of distribution 115 Axiality 116 Scene partitioning 116 7 Imaging systems II: attention, perspective and force dynamics 122 Distribution of attention 122 Force dynamics 128 Deployment of perspective 132 Location 132 Distance 133 Mode 135 Direction 136 Index 141 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our deep indebtedness and sincere appreciation naturally go to Leonard Talmy of the University at Buffalo (US), who provided us with useful comments and advice. We owe a debt of gratitude to many people for their meticulous feedback on the manuscript. In particular, we would like to thank: Qing Cao (University of Dur- ham, UK), Murtadha J. Bakir (Philadelphia University, Jordan), Shihab Ahmed Al- Nassir (University of Basrah, Iraq), James Dickins (University of Leeds, UK), Ashraf Abdul-Fattah (Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar), Abdul-Sahib Ali (University of Sharjah, UAE), Hashim Q. Lazim (Shatt Al-Arab University College, Iraq), Orhan Elmaz (University of St Andrews, UK), Jawad Kadhim Jabir (University of Basrah, Iraq), Raymond Chakhachiro (Western Sydney University, Australia), Khaled Sha- kir (University of Thi Qar, Iraq), Hassan Gadalla (Assiut University, Egypt), Fida Al- Mawla (Wasit University, Iraq), Muhammad Fawzi Alghazi (Alexandria University, Egypt), Ali Talib Jabboori (Tikrit University, Iraq), Juan José Martínez-Sierra (Uni- versitat de València, Spain), Aqeel Al-Hamedi (Shatt Al-Arab University College, Iraq), Nicolas Froeliger (Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, France), Andree Affeich (Lebanese American University, Lebanon), Mustapha Taibi (Western Sydney Uni- versity, Australia), Ali Al-Hassnawi (University of Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman), Jasim Al-Maryani (University of Basrah, Iraq), Mohammed Al-Sha’rawi (Univer- sity of Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman), Ammar Fouad (University of Basrah, Iraq), Nhat Tuan Nguyen (Hanoi University, Vietnam), Khaled Tawfik (Cairo University, Egypt) and Ali Mohammed Hussein (University of Basrah, Iraq). Our special thanks also go to Fred Pragnell and Ibrahem Ibrahem, who offered valuable insights into, and guidance on, the many and varied aspects of the linguistic and analytical challenges of translating Arabic. In addition, we would like to thank the BA and MA students of Arabic-English translation over the years at the University of Nizwa (Sultanate of Oman) and the University of Basrah (Iraq), whose translation projects have served as sources for the translation examples used in this book. viii Acknowledgements Our special thanks also go to Latīf as-Samhān for providing us with permission to use some of his paintings in this book. Our sincere appreciation naturally goes to Jawad Al-Mudhafer and Doha Al- Saied, who helped us in drawing the paintings used in the book. Finally, no words could ever express our deepest love and gratitude to our fami- lies, who have supported us in this work. NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION The following Arabic transliteration system has been consistently employed throughout this book. However, in the case of ّ shaddah, a consonant is doubled. The names of Arab authors whose works have been published in English are spelled as they appear in the publication without applying this transliteration system. In addition, any Arab names that appear in quotations follow the transliteration system of the reference quoted and not that listed below. Some names, such as Mahfouz, Choukri and the like, remain as they commonly appear in English and have not been transliterated in order to avoid confusion. Arabic Transliteration Arabic Transliteration ء ’ ط t ب b ظ z ت t ع ‘ ث th غ gh ج j ف f ح h ق q خ kh ك k د d ل l ذ dh م m ر r ن n ز z ـــه/ة h س s و w ش sh ي y ص s ى/ا a ض d