THE ARAB MIND revised edition Also by Raphael Patai The Poems of Israel B. Fontanella (in Hebrew), 1933 Water: A Study in Palestinian Folklore (in Hebrew), 1936 Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times (in Hebrew), 1938 Man and Earth in Hebrew Custom, Belief and Legend (in Hebrew), 2 vols., 1942-1943 Historical Traditions and Mortuary Customs of the Jews of Meshhed (in Hebrew), 1945 The Science of Man: An Introduction to Anthropology (in Hebrew), 2 vols., 1947-1948 Man and Temple in Ancient Jewish Myth and Ritual, 1947, 1967 On Culture Contact and Its Working in Modern Palestine, 1947 Israel Between East and West, 1953, 1970 Jordan, Lebanon and Syria: An Annotated Bibliography, 1957 The Kingdom of Jordan, 1958, 1984 Current Jewish Social Research, 1958 Cultures in Conflict, 1958, 1961 Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle East, 1959 Golden River to Golden Road: Society, Culture and Change in the Middle East, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1971 Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis (with Robert Graves), 1964, 1966 The Hebrew Goddess, 1967, 1978, 1990 Tents of Jacob: The Diaspora—Yesterday and Today, 1971 Myth and Modern Man, 1972 The Arab Mind, 1973, 1976, 1983 The Myth of the Jewish Race (with Jennifer P. Wing), 1975, 1989 The Jewish Mind, 1977, 1996 The Messiah Texts, 1979 Gates to the Old City, 1980, 1981 The Vanished Worlds of Jewry, 1980 On Jewish Folklore, 1983 The Seed of Abraham: Jews and Arabs in Contact and Conflict, 1986 Nahum Goldmann: His Missions to the Gentiles, 1987 Ignaz Goldziher and His Oriental Diary, 1987 Apprentice in Budapest: Memories of a World That Is No More, 1988 Between Budapest and Jerusalem, 1992 Journeyman in Jerusalem, 1992 Robert Graves and the Hebrew Myths, 1992 The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book, 1994 The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, 1995 Jadıd al-Islm: The Jewish “New Muslims” of Meshhed, 1997 Arab Folktales from Palestine and Israel, 1998 The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times, 1998 RAPHAEL PATAI THE ARABMIND With an Updated Foreword by Norvell B. De Atkine Recovery Resources Press The Arab Mind A Recovery Resources Press Book © Copyright 1973, 1976, 1983, 2002, 2007 the estate of Raphael Patai Originally published in 1976, revised in 1983, and republished in 2002. ©©©©©2007 Foreword by Norvell B. De Atkine ©Cover Photograph 2010 Jennifer Schneider All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Recovery Resources Press PMB 372 7272 E. Broadway Tucson, AZ 85710 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patai, Raphael, 1910-1996 The Arab mind / Raphael Patai. — Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-9672015-5-9 1. Arabs. I. Title. DS36.77.P37 2007 305.892'7—dc22 2007018379 Cover Design by Angel Harleycat and Deborah Miller Interior Design and Layout by Fatema Tarzi 10987654321 Printed in the United States The author wishes to express his thanks for permission to quote from the works listed below: Abram Kardineret al., The Psychological Frontiers of Society, Columbia University Press, NewYork, 1945 ∑al˛ al-Dın al-Munajjid,A ‘midat al-Nakba: Bahth ‘Ilmı fı Asbb Hazımat 5 Khazırn, Dr al-Kitb al-Jadıd (The New Publishing House), Beirut, 1967 Nsir al-Dın al-Nashshıbı,Tadhkirat ‘Awda, Al-Maktab al-Tajjrı (The Trading Office), Beirut, 1962 Franco Nogueira,A Luta Pelo Oriente, Junta de InvestigaçΩes do Ultramar, Ministerio do Ultramar, Lisbon, 1957 J.G. Peristiany (ed.),Honor and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1966 Constantine K. Zurayq,Ma’n al-Nakba Mujaddad,Dr al-’Ilm lil-Malyın, Beirut, 1967 CONTENTS FOREWORD BY NORVELL B. DE ATKINE X PREFACE TO THE 1983 EDITION XXII PREFACE TO THE 1976 EDITION XXV PREFACE: ON A PERSONAL NOTE 1 A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION 8 I THE ARABS AND THE WORLD 9 1. Islam, Middle East, Arabs 9 2. Who Is an Arab? 12 II THE GROUP ASPECTS OF THE MIND 16 III ARAB CHILD-REARING PRACTICES 26 1. The Issue of Severity 26 2. Differential Evaluation of Boys and Girls 28 3. Lactation 31 4. Early Roots of the Male-Female Relationship 34 5. The Boy Enters the Men’s World 35 6. The Girl Remains in the Women’s World 37 7. Childhood Rewards and Adult Achievement 38 — MvM — IV UNDER THE SPELL OF LANGUAGE 43 1. Arab and Arabic 43 2. The Lure of Arabic 46 3. Rhetoricism 50 4. Exaggeration, Overassertion, Repetition 52 5. Words for Actions 63 6. Time Sense and Verb Tense 69 V THE BEDOUIN SUBSTRATUM OF THEARAB PERSONALITY 78 1. The Bedouin Ideal 78 2. Group Cohesion 83 VI BEDOUIN VALUES 89 1. Hospitality 89 2. Generosity 92 3. Courage 94 4. Honor 95 5. Self-Respect 100 VII THE BEDOUIN ETHOS AND MODERN ARAB SOCIETY 103 1. Koranic and Folk Ethics 103 2. Wajhor “Face” 108 3. Shame 113 4. The Fahlawı Personality 113 5. Aversion to Physical Labor 120 VIII THE REALM OF SEX 126 1. Sexual Honor 127 2. Sexual Repression 136 3. Sexual Freedom and Sexual Hospitality 140 4. Varieties of Sexual Outlet 143 5. Ambivalence and Change 147 — MviM — IX THE ISLAMIC COMPONENT OF THE ARAB PERSONALITY 152 1. Religion East and West 152 2. Predestination and Personality 156 3. Improvidence 160 X EXTREMES AND EMOTIONS, FANTASY AND REALITY 165 1. Polarization 165 2. Control and Temper 169 3. Hostility 171 4. Three Functional Planes: Thoughts, Words, Actions 172 XI ART, MUSIC, AND LITERATURE 177 1. Decorative Arts 177 2. Music 180 3. Literature 185 4. Toward Western Forms 187 XII BILINGUALISM, MARGINALITY, AND AMBIVALENCE 190 1. Bilingualism and Personality 190 2. Marginality 199 3. Cultural Dichotomy: Elites and Masses 204 4. Ambivalence 209 5. Izdiwj—Split Personality 212 XIII UNITY AND CONFLICT 216 1. The Idea of Arab Unity 216 2. Fighting: Swords and Words 221 3. Dual Division 228 4. Conflict Proneness 232 — MviiM — XIV CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND “CONFERENTIASIS” 241 1. Conflict Resolution 241 2. “Conferentiasis” 252 XV THE QUESTION OF ARAB STAGNATION 261 1. The Message of History 261 2. Critical Views 263 3. Where Do We Go from Here? 266 4. Stagnation and Nationalism 269 5. Five Stages 271 6. The Enemy as Exemplar 273 XVI THE PSYCHOLOGY OF WESTERNIZATION 284 1. The Jinni of the West 284 2. Egypt—A Case History 286 3. The Issue of Technological Domination 291 4. Focus, Values, and Change 295 5. Five Dominant Concerns 299 6. Western Standards and Mass Benefits 305 7. The Sinister West 308 8. The Hatred of the West 314 9. Arabs and Turks 319 10. Facing the Future 322 CONCLUSION 326 POSTSCRIPT 1983 333 1. The Reaction to the October War 333 2. Oil, Labor, and Planning 340 3. Advances in Education 345 4. Women’s Position 347 5. New Conflicts 356 — MviiiM — 6. The Quest for Unity 359 7. The Federation of Arab Republics: A Case History 365 8. Conclusion 373 TABLES 1. The Arab World: Area and Mid-Year Population Estimates 379 2. Gross School Enrollment Ratios in Arab Countries for Primary School Education 380 3. Gross School Enrollment Ratios in Arab Countries for Higher (Tertiary) Education 381 4. Population of Arab Countries by Sex (in Thousands) in 2005 382 5. Birth Rates in Arab Countries (Live Births per Year per 1,000 Population) 383 6. Literacy Rates in Arab Countries 384 7. Female School Enrollment in Arab Countries 385 8. Quality of Life Index 386 APPENDIX I The Judgment of Historians: Spengler and Toynbee 387 APPENDIX II The Arab World and Spanish America: A Comparison 398 NOTES 403 INDEX 447 ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTOR 465 FOREWORD Congratulations are due on the reprinting of this much needed and incisive study of Arab culture. In particular, these congratulations are warranted given the avalanche of ill-informed or sometimes malicious aspersions cast upon this seminal work. Not only is TheArabMindone of the finest books ever written on Arab culture, it is the only one in English that delves deeply into the culture, character, and personality of the Arab people. Much of this new wave of criticism has been based on the 2004 New Yorkerarticle written by Seymour Hersh on the mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners at theAbu Ghraib prison; a passing comment from an unidentified source about Raphael Patai’sTheArabMindled some journalists and academics to conclude thatTheArabMindwas being used by the military as some sort of torture manual. Such a ludicrous proposition could only be ascribed to a political agenda—or to sheer ignorance. The incidents atAbu Ghraib were a result of ill-trained and substandard soldiers combined with a breakdown of discipline and incompetent leadership. It was an aberration in the model performance of American soldiers in Iraq in the most trying of conditions. This fact, however, did not deter the critics and our enemies within and without who were determined to turn this controversy into a cause célèbre. Unfortunately, defenders of Patai’s book have been noticeably quiet, so powerful is the demand for conformity to group-think that for some years has constricted academic work in area studies, especially when the area is as controversial a one as the Middle East. Reading the various articles dismissive of TheArabMind, one particular point stands out. In not one critical review or article that I have read is there a single instance of anyone refuting, with documentation, — MxM — any of the material in the book. Rather, the criticism is typically ad hominem, though as usual, name- calling merely indicates the desperate nature of the attacks on the book and on Patai personally. What exactly do critics find objectionable in the book? First, there seems to be a view that the title The Arab Mind has some sort of sinister implication. As one critic of the book wrote, “It belongs to an old tradition that classified races according to their ostensibly characteristic traits, a field pioneered by 19th-century European writers and shared by, among others, T.E. Lawrence.” Actually, Patai anticipated this criticism and outlines, at various junctures in the book, the difficulties of examining national character, noting that famous Arab scholars such as the 15th-century Maqrızı were well aware of both an Arab national character and its variations in different countries. Patai writes: To this day this latter factor causes one of the main difficulties for anybody who attempts to portray the Arab mind. There seems to be no such thing as an Arab in the abstract. He is always, and has been at least since the days of Maqrızı, an Iraqi Arab, a Syrian Arab, and so forth. These differences in character have, in turn, led to the creation in many parts of the Arab world of local tendencies, which frequently clash with the overall, larger ideal of all-Arab unity. (p. 24) Raphael Patai writes of sensitive human subjects and behavior in a way understandable to all those with an intelligent interest in Arab society, not just other anthropologists or sociologists. And like scholars everywhere who study their own or other cultures, he must engage in a certain level of generalization if his work is not to devolve into infinite particularities. But unlike many anthropologists today, Patai was fluent in the language of the people. He began studying Arabic at the age of 18 in Budapest, and continued in Breslau under the great Semitic linguist Carl Brockelmann; thereafter, he lived for many years in Palestine. Patai writes coherently and with the clear purpose of having the reader acquire a greater understanding of the many aspects of Arab culture, presenting these facets in a way that demonstrates how these cultural components influence and shape what might be described as a composite Arab personality. No other writer, with the possible exception of the Iraqi sociologist Sania Hamady in The Temperament and Character of the Arabs (1960), has even attempted to do such a thorough study of the Arabs. The vast majority of works dealing with Arab culture are either shallow catalogues of Do’s and Don’t’s or tendentious academic précis with very little utility for individuals whose work requires them to deal with living people, not abstract theories. As much as I admire the unmatched erudition of Bernard Lewis and the incisive writings of David PryceJones, their contributions to Middle East scholarship lie in different fields. Bernard Lewis analyzes the impact of Islam and its historical interaction with Western culture in classics such as What Went Wrong? (2002) and The Crisis of Islam (2003). David Pryce-Jones, in his trenchant critique of Arab political culture, The Closed Circle (1989), excels in depicting the Arabs’ reversion to tribal and kinship ties and the resulting inability to establish the institutions required to form a successful modern democratic state. The second frequently made objection to The Arab Mind is that the book dwells disproportionately on sexuality. Despite the fact that Patai devotes a brief, 25-page chapter, “The Realm of Sex,” to this subject, it has elicited angry denunciations in view of the sexual nature of the criminal acts committed at Abu Ghraib prison. In Arab society the values of honor and shame are intertwined with sexuality (always an area of human vulnerability) and for that reason there is a marked preoccupation with sex and its regulation. Despite the sometimes shocking openness of sexual talk and the inventive Arabic lexicon of sexual expressions, this remains a most explosive issue in Arab society. As pointed out by Patai, the more repressive a society is of a basic human function, the more likely the people are to be preoccupied with it. Patai illustrates this very well in his opening paragraph to the chapter with the allegorical story of the pink elephant and the sorcerer’s apprentice (Chapter VIII, page 126). Certainly there is no dearth of studies on these and related subjects by Arab scholars such as Hisham Sharabi, Hmid ‘Ammr, Fatima Mernissi, and ‘Alı al-Wardı to substantiate Patai’s contentions. In the Arab world today, the availability of cell phones, e-mail, web cams, and ubiquitous satellite television enables young people to circumvent restrictions on sexual conduct, terrifying the arbiters of morals, usually the local clergy who exploit this issue for political power. From my early years in the Middle East in the late 1960s until the present day, it has been evident that even slight political improve — MxiiM — ment in the role of women is likely to be accompanied by an increase in social restrictions and repression. It is a moot point to question whether women are repressed because of cultural sexual mores or whether the strict imposition of a sexual code of conduct is simply a way by which men continue to exercise control over women. Yet Patai was correct in noting that changes in women’s status carry enormous implications for Arab society as a whole. As he wrote: In the Arab world, to a much greater extent than in the West, the shaping and molding of the minds of infants and children are in the hands of the mothers. . . . This being the case, any change that occurs in the position of Arab women, in the chances and stimuli given them to develop their mental faculties, will have an impact on the mind of the next generation that is under their tutelage. (pp. 347-48). It has been my observation that women are indeed crucial agents of change in the Arab world. I have always been impressed by their more progressive and enlightened thinking on the issues affecting Arab society. This was particularly true of the Iraqi women with whom I worked in Baghdad from June 2003 to January 2004. Far more sensible and realistic than the men, they are the key to cultural and political change in their world. This was punctuated for me by the sponsorship of a young Shi’a Muslim woman with whom I had worked in Baghdad and who lived with my wife and me for several months as she applied for asylum after having her life threatened by Saddamist thugs. Coming from a very typical middle class but somewhat more liberal Iraqi family, she was, nevertheless, very much a representative of her culture. As the months passed it was gratifying to watch how she emerged from her cultural cocoon and grew increasingly independent. She went to work, rented her own apartment, obtained a driver’s license, purchased a car, and became her own person. There is no doubt that the cultural bondage in which women are held is one of the main causes of the stagnation of Arab society. A third charge against The Arab Mind relies on the overworked term “stereotyping.” Typically made by those who smart at a characterization they find negative, this charge would have it that Patai has consigned all Arabs to a single cookie cutter form. As I mentioned earlier, — MxiiiM — using Patai’s own words, he neither infers nor implies that all Arabs react or behave in the same manner. A reasonably intelligent reader would understand that Patai explores general traits of Arab society, which may be more or less pronounced in various regions of the Arab world and in