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THE ARAB AWAKENING: THE STORY OF THE ARAB NATIONAL MOVEMENT BY GEORGE ANTONIUS “Arise, ye Arabs, and awake!”—Ode by Ibrahim Yazeji. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION LIST OF MAPS FOREWORD CHAPTER 1—THE BACKGROUND 1. The background 2. Geographical setting 3. Arabisation and Islamisation 4. The Arab world defined 5. The Turkish conquest CHAPTER II—A FALSE START 1. Mehemed-‘Ali in Egypt and the Wahhabi movement 2. His conquest of Syria 3. His plan for an Arab empire 4. Ibrahim Pasha in Syria 5. Palmerston’s opposition 6. National consciousness non-existent 7. The plan fails CHAPTER III—THE START: 1847-68 1. First missionaries in Syria 2. Educational beginnings 3. Egyptian system 4. American activities 5. Catholic activities 6. Nasif Yazeji 7. Butrus Bustani 8. The first literary societies 9. The earliest patriotic ode 10. Historical retrospect CHAPTER IV—THE HAMIDIAN DESPOTISM: 1876—1908 1. Deposition of ‘Abdul-‘Aziz 2. The Constitution of 1876 3. The Sultan’s Arab possessions 4. Foundations of ‘Abdul-Hamid’s rule 5. His Islamic policy 6. The Hejaz Railway 7. The growth of German influence CHAPTER V—THE INFANT MOVEMENT: 1868-1908 1. The Beirut secret society 2. Its proclamations 3. Its effect on the movement of ideas 4. Its programme 5. Its place in the history of the movement 6. Repercussions 7. The influence of Western education 8. Moslem leadership 9. ‘Abdul-Rahman al-Kawakebi 10. Najib ‘Azuri 11. Egyptian nationalism CHAPTER VI—YOUNG ARABS AND YOUNG TURKS: 1908-14 1. The Turco-Arab honeymoon 2. The Turco-Arab estrangement 3. Four Arab societies 4. The Committee of Reform 5. The First Arab Congress 6. The trial of ‘Aziz ‘Ali 7. The Sultan’s Arab empire CHAPTER VII—THE WAR AND THE HOLY WAR: 1914 1. The Amir ‘Abdullah and Lord Kitchener 2. Importance of Amir ‘Abdullah and Lord Kitchener’s meeting 3. Kitchener’s overtures 4. The threat of jihad 5. The military outlook in the Arab world 6. Position of the Grand Sharif 7. The call to jihad 8. Husain withholds his endorsement 9. Active preaching of jihad 10. The Prophet’s standard CHAPTER VIII—THE PLOT: 1915 1. Overtures from Damascus 2. Ahmed Jemal Pasha 3. Faisal and the secret societies 4. The Damascus Protocol 5. British policy and the Arab Rulers CHAPTER IX—GREAT BRITAIN’S PLEDGE: 1915 1. The Sharif Husain’s first Note, July 14, 1915 2. Sir Henry McMahon’s first Note, August 30 3. Husain’s second Note, September 9 4. McMahon’s second Note, October 24 5. Husain’s third Note, November 5 6. McMahon’s third Note, December 13 7. Husain’s fourth Note, January 1, 1916 8. McMahon’s fourth Note, January 30 9. Main provisions of the compact 10. Territorial implications 11. The case for publication 12. A glimpse of Husain CHAPTER X—THE REVOLT: JUNE 1916 1. The rising timed for June 5, 1916 2. Husain’s final preparations 3. Reign of terrorism in Syria 4. The death-sentences 5. Their effect on Faisal 6. Husain driven to act 7. The Revolt proclaimed in Madina 8. The fall of Mecca CHAPTER XI—IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1. Repercussions in Syria 2. Wider repercussions 3. The Sharif’s Proclamation 4. Jemal Pasha’s outburst 5. The von Stotzingen Mission 6. Mecca in danger of recapture; organisation of the Arab forces 7. Husain proclaimed King 8. Occupation of Wajh 9. Distribution of the Arab forces CHAPTER XII—THE ARABS IN THE WAR: 1916-18 1. A campaign of raids 2. Faisal wins over the tribes 3. ‘Auda Abu Tayeh and the capture of ‘Aqaba 4. The importance of ‘Aqaba as the new base 5. British and German political activities 6. Scope of British propaganda 7. Military significance of the Arab campaign 8. The final offensive 9. Capture of Damascus 10. Occupation of Syria 11. The sufferings endured by the population CHAPTER XIII—PLEDGES AND COUNTER-PLEDGES 1. Allied ambitions in the Ottoman Empire 2. The Anglo-Franco-Russian (Sykes-Picot) Agreement 3. Analysis of the Agreement 4. Sir Mark Sykes and M. Georges-Picot in Jedda 5. The Turkish peace-offer 6. Mr. Balfour’s message to King Husain 7. Mr. Lloyds George’s negotiations with the Zionists 8. The Balfour Declaration 9. Arab apprehensions 10. The Declaration to the Seven 11. The Anglo-French Declaration CHAPTER XIV—THE POST-WAR SETTLEMENT 1. Arab expectations 2. Provisional administrative organisation 3. Faisal arrival in London; his negotiations with the Zionists 4. Faisal at Versailles 5. Proposal for an inquiry 6. The General Syrian Congress 7. The King-Crane Commission 8. Faisal’s second journey to advance on Damascus 9. The San Remo Conference 10. The French advance on Damascus 11. Great Britain’s breach of faith 12. The Iraq rebellion 13. The Cairo Conference 14. T. E. Lawrence’s contribution CHAPTER XV—THE PENINSULA AFTER THE WAR 1. Limits of foreign penetration 2. The independent states in the Peninsula 3. Anglo-Hejazi negotiations 4. Wahhabi conquest of the Holy Land of Islam 5. Problems created by Wahhabi rule in the Hejaz 6. Ibn Sa’ud and his neighbours 7. Foreign relations 8. Internal administration 9. Social and economic changes CHAPTER XVI—IRAQ, SYRIA AND PALESTINE AFTER THE WAR 1. The Arab mandates 2. Motives which governed their assignment 3. The British mandate in Iraq 4. The emancipation of Iraq 5. Franco-Arab hostility 6. The French mandate in Syria and Lebanon 7. The emancipation of Syria and the Lebanon 8. Difficulties surrounding the study of the Palestine problem 9. Arab and Jewish claims 10. How the problem is obscured 11. The Royal Commission 12. Misconceptions 13. Conditions of a solution APPENDIX A—THE McMAHON CORRESPONDENCE COVERING LETTER TO NO. 1 NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 NO. 5 NO. 6 NO. 7 NO. 8 APPENDIX B—THE ANGLO-FRANCO-RUSSIAN AGREEMENT APPENDIX C—COMMUNICATION FROM THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO THE KINO OF THE HEJAZ APPENDIX D—THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT’S DECLARATION TO THE SEVEN ARABS APPENDIX E—ANGLO-FRENCH DECLARATION APPENDIX F—THE FAISAL-WEIZMANN AGREEMENT APPENDIX G—RESOLUTIONS OF THE GENERAL SYRIAN CONGRESS APPENDIX H—RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE KING-CRANE COMMISSION WITH REGARD TO SYRIA-PALESTINE AND IRAQ I. Syria-Palestine II. Iraq DEDICATION To CHARLES R. CRANE, aptly nicknamed Harun al-Rashid, affectionately.