The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan Brill’s Arab and Islamic Laws Series Editorial Board H.H. Prof. Eugene Cotran Mark Hoyle Martin Lau VOLUME 2 The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan Sharia in Practice By Tahir Wasti LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wasti, Tahir. The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan : Sharia in practice / by Tahir Wasti. p. cm. — (Brill’s Arab and Islamic laws series ; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Reparation (Criminal justice)—Pakistan. 2. Criminal justice, Administration of—Pakistan. 3. Reparation (Islamic law)—Pakistan. 4. Punishment (Islamic law)— Pakistan. 5. Blood money (Islamic law)—Pakistan. 6. Criminal justice, Administration of (Islamic law)—Pakistan. 7. Islamic law—Pakistan. I. Title. II. Series. KPL3952.W37 2009 345.5491’05—dc22 2008040108 ISSN 1871-2894 ISBN 978 90 04 17225 8 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands To Fatima and Zainab CONTENTS List of Tables ...................................................................................... ix List of Graphs ..................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ............................................................................ xiii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xv Glossary ............................................................................................... xvii Introduction Islamic Law in Practice: The Application of Qisas and Diyat Law in Pakistan ................................................ 1 Chapter One The Study ................................................................. 17 Chapter Two Legal and Theoretical Foundation of the Qisas and Diyat Law in Pakistan ................................................ 57 Chapter Three The Evolution of the Qisas and Diyat Law in Pakistan: A Brief History ............................................................. 99 Chapter Four Assembly Debates on the Law of Murder and Homicide, 1981–97 ....................................................................... 143 Chapter Five The New Law and Judiciary ................................. 165 Chapter Six Impact of Qisas and Diyat Law on the Administration of Criminal Justice in Pakistan ....................... 239 Chapter Seven Conclusion ............................................................ 283 Appendix A: Chronology of Events ............................................... 289 Appendix B: Draft Ordinance ......................................................... 299 Appendix C: The Ordinance 1990 .................................................. 315 Appendix D: The Act of 1997 ......................................................... 328 Appendix E: Tables of the Ten District’s Police Records ........... 354 Appendix F: Tables of the Ten Districts’ Session Courts Records ............................................................................................ 365 Appendix G: Homicide Rate of Pakistan ...................................... 376 viii contents Appendix H: Questionnaire ............................................................. 378 Appendix I: List of Cases ................................................................. 380 Appendix J: List of Statutes ............................................................. 385 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 387 Index .................................................................................................... 403 LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Accumulative Data of Ten Districts of the Sample Area Derived from the Police Records ...................................... 258 Table 6.2 Accumulative Data of the Sample Area Derived from the Sessions Courts Records .............................................. 262 Table 6.3 Multan High Court: Murder References Decided by the Multan High Court, 1981–2000 ..................................... 270 Table 6.4 Criminal Appeals Decided by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, 1981–2000 ................................................................. 274 Table E.1 District Multan Police Records .................................. 354 Table E.2 District Khanewal Police Records .............................. 356 Table E.3 District Vehari Police Records ................................... 357 Table E.4 District Sahiwal Police Records .................................. 358 Table E.5 District Pakpattan Police Records .............................. 359 Table E.6 District Lodhran Police Records ................................ 360 Table E.7 District DG Khan Police Records .............................. 361 Table E.8 District Rajanpur Police Records ............................... 362 Table E.9 District Layyah Police Records ................................... 363 Table E.10 District Muzaffargargh Police Records ..................... 364 Table F.1 Sessions Courts Multan ............................................... 365 Table F.2 Sessions Courts Khanewal ........................................... 367 Table F.3 Sessions Courts Vehari ................................................ 368 Table F.4 Sessions Courts Sahiwal ............................................... 369 Table F.5 Sessions Courts Pakpattan ........................................... 370 Table F.6 Sessions Courts Lodhran ............................................. 371 Table F.7 Sessions Courts DG Khan ........................................... 372 Table F.8 Sessions Courts Rajanpur ............................................ 373 Table F.9 District Layyah .............................................................. 374 Table F.10 Sessions Courts District Muzaffargargh .................... 375 Table G.1 Homicide Rate in Pakistan .......................................... 376 Table G.2 Average Homicide Rate per 100,000 Population in Two Decades ............................................................................. 376