THE APOSTOLIC BIBLE POLYGLOT GREEK-ENGLISH INTERLINEAR T H E A P O S T O L I C B I B L E POLYGLOT (cid:3) (cid:9) (cid:2) (cid:7) (cid:2) (cid:5) (cid:2) (cid:6) (cid:2) (cid:5) (cid:3) (cid:6) (cid:2) (cid:5) (cid:8) (cid:3) (cid:1) (cid:5) (cid:2) (cid:4) (cid:3) (cid:6) (cid:3) A numerically coded Greek-English Interlinear Bible, English-Greek Index, and Lexical Concordance. THE APOSTOLIC PRESS ·NEWPORT Amazing Grace © 1996, 2013 by Charles Van der Pool. All rights reserved Published 1996, Second Edition 2013 Printed in the United States of America SECOND EDITION ISBN 0-9632301-3-1 The Apostolic Press 547 NW Coast Street Newport, Oregon 97365 apostolicbible.com INTRODUCTION APOSTOLIC BIBLE DESCRIPTION various churches and peoples, the common written form was Greek, as most of the Jews of the Diaspora The Apostolic Bible Polyglot consists of three major understood Greek, and lived in areas where Greek was works – The Apostolic Bible literal interlinear translation of spoken. It was common for the writers of the New Tes- the Greek Old and New Testaments, The Lexical Concor- tament, when need arose to quote the Old Testament, dance of The Apostolic Bible, and The English-Greek Index of The to quote the Greek Scriptures rather than the Hebrew Apostolic Bible. *See Note on the Second Edition. These Scriptures. three works are numerically coded with the AB-Strong With the incorporation of the Greek Old Testament numbering system. Scriptures into the Greek New Testament via quotes, surely this puts the Greek Old Testament in a unique THE GREEK SCRIPTURES position, as these Greek Old Testament words have The Greek Old Testament, commonly referred to as become engrafted into the Divine Word of the New the Septuagint or LXX, was translated from the He- Testament. For hundreds of years after the Christ, brew Scriptures approximately 250 years before the during the formation of the apostolic age, the Greek Christ. An account of this occurrence is noted in the Scriptures were consistently read and quoted by the dubious Letter of Aristeas, and can be found in the Church Fathers. These all-Greek Scriptures are still in back of An Introduction to The Old Testament in Greek, by Henry use in Eastern Christendom today, although the Canon Barclay Swete, 1902. Whether or not this letter is true is different. The Apostolic Bible continues this tradi- to the facts can be debated, but that the Greek Scrip- tion of The Apostolic Age Greek Scriptures, and is thus tures were well entrenched by the time of the birth of named The Apostolic Bible. the Christ is undeniable. With the fact of the Greek Old Testament partly The acceptance of the Greek Scriptures can best be being grafted into the "inspired” Greek New Testa- described by a quotation in the Mishna written around ment, it is inconceivable to think one can truly under- the time of the Christ, with Herbert Danby’s transla- stand the deep meanings of the Greek New Testament tion reading in Megillah 1.8, "The Books [of Scrip- without having the knowledge of the Greek Old Testa- ture] differ from phylacteries and Mezuzahs only in ment. For example, consider the following passage in that the Books may be written in any language, while the King James Bible, "he hath made him to be sin for phylacteries and Mezuzahs may be written in the Assyr- us…" 2 Corinthians 5:21. The word for “sin” is #266 ian writing only. Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel says: “αµαρτια,” where in Numbers 6:14, and many other 'The Books, too, they have only permitted to be written places in the Greek Old Testament, the word, in Greek.'” “αµαρτιαν” is translated "sin offering." “Offering” de- At the time the New Testament was being written, noted by the Italics, is implied by the context, as it was the language of the common people of the Holy Land talking of animals for a sacrifice for sin. Jesus becom- was Aramaic, but Greek was the international language ing the “sin offering” opens a whole new aspect of under- used throughout the Mediterranean world. The sign standing this verse. That the Greek Scriptures were above the head of the suffering Christ was written in designed for the Church is a strong argument, but this Hebrew, Greek and Latin, with Latin being the tongue is not meant to demean the Hebrew Scriptures of the used by the Roman military, prelates, and judiciary. autographs. Seeing that God saw fit to communicate The Hellenists in Jerusalem at the time of the Passion mainly through the written Word, it is to one’s advan- were Greek speaking Jews, and some became Christians tage to search diligently both the Hebrew and Greek as related in Acts 11:20. Also in Acts 21:37 Paul asked Scriptures. the commander, “Is it allowed for me to speak to you?” CANON The commander responded, ‘You know Greek?’” The books of The Apostolic Bible correspond to the When the apostles wrote the Sacred Scriptures to Hebrew Canon and the current Authorized Version, as v far as book order and names. The most notable differ- agreed. But since that time the acquisition of a full set ence in book names are 1,2 Samuel, and 1,2 Kings, of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible in facsimile for- which in the Orthodox canon are named 1,2,3,4 mat enabled a closer comparison to be made, not only Kings. The Orthodox Canon, along with the Roman of variant readings, but also chapter and verse varia- Canon also contains books which do not appear in the tions, along with punctuation. As various manuscripts Hebrew Canon, nor the current Authorized Version of become available, these will also be compared with the the English Bible, such as the books of Baruch and text of The Apostolic Bible, and changes may be made. Maccabees, commonly called the “Apocrypha.” The The Vatopedi manuscript, available from the Library of Apostolic Bible follows the book order of the current Congress in microfilm form, is one such manuscript Authorized Version of the English Bible. It must be among many that will be used for comparison. noted that many other book arrangements have ap- peared in various Bible manuscripts and printed edi- APOSTOLIC BIBLE STRUCTURE tions over the centuries. For example, Tyndale’s New The history of interlinear Bibles goes back into the Testament follows a different book order than the manuscript age where interlinear Bibles appear with Authorized Version, and has the Book of Hebrews fol- various language combinations. For example, the lowing 3 John. The development of the Holy Scrip- ninth century Codex Boernerianus displays the Greek tures of the early church readily adhered to the all- text of the Pauline Epistles with the Latin appearing Greek Scriptures of both Old and New Testaments, above every Greek word. The earliest printed Greek rather than a Hebrew Old Testament-Greek New Tes- Bible, the Complutensian Polyglot, has an interlinear tament structure which is prevalent today in the Eng- Greek-Latin text for the Old Testament, with the He- lish Bible. This all-Greek mode was the norm in West- brew Scriptures being in a separate column. Given the ern Churches for hundreds of years during the devel- introduction of the numbering system of James Strong, opment of the Latin, Syriac and Coptic Scriptures. interlinear Bibles took on a three line format with the The Greek Fathers, Clement, Eusebius, and many oth- Strong’s number appearing above the Greek and He- ers, all writing in Greek, quoted the Greek Old and brew texts, and the English below. New Testaments extensively. The Apostolic Bible is the first numerically coded Greek Old Testament, and it allows the student of the APOSTOLIC BIBLE GREEK TEXT Word to study both Testaments in the same language, The Apostolic Bible was not begun with the thought and to follow the association of a word from either the of a new Bible translation, but was the result of years of New Testament to the Old Testament, or vice versa. private studies that evolved into The Apostolic Bible. The Apostolic Bible trilinear format has the AB-Strong The original typed text followed the Vaticanus-Sixtine numbers on the top line, the Greek text on the middle text family. Then with the acquisition of the 1519 line, and the English translation on the bottom line. Aldine Bible in microfilm format from the Kon- The Apostolic Bible text is separated into books, chap- inklijke Bibliotheek, of the Netherlands, a comparison ters, section headings, verses, and footnotes. was made between the Sixtine and Aldine texts, where one reading was chosen over the other. With the acqui- AB-Strong Numbering System sition of the 1709 edition of the Greek Old Testament, In 1890, James Strong developed his monumental edited by Lambert Bos, the 1518 Complutensian Poly- work, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, containing glot variants, located in the extensive footnote sections, every English word of the Authorized Version, com- were added for comparison with the Sixtine and Aldine monly called the King James Version. Included in this texts. With further comparison it was decided to monumental work are two companion dictionaries of choose mainly the text where two printed editions the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. The first dictionary vi is, A Concise Dictionary of the Words in the Hebrew Bible, nu- printed Greek texts (mainly developed with the Sixtine merically coded, containing 8674 Hebrew words with edition). English definitions corresponding to the Exhaustive Concordance. The second dictionary is, A Concise Dic- footnotes tionary of the Words in the Greek Testament, numerically coded, The footnotes in The Apostolic Bible are for refer- containing 5624 Greek words with English definitions ence purposes only, and not commentaries. Daggers in corresponding to the Exhaustive Concordance. As the the text denote footnote usage, and have complemen- English Authorized Version is based on the Hebrew tary dagger marks in the footnotes for the marked Old Testament and Greek New Testament, a problem verse. The abbreviations used in the footnotes are ex- arose when it was decided to numerically code the plained in the abbreviations list below. The most Greek Old Testament, which had not been coded by common footnote, “see Bos for variants," refers to the James Strong. It was decided to adapt the Strong’s New Vetus Testamentum LXX, published in Holland in Testament Greek Dictionary numbering system to The 1709, and edited by Lambert Bos. The main text of Apostolic Bible, and to furnish numbers for the Greek the Bos Bible is a reprint of the 1587 edition of the Old Testament words that were not included in Vatican manuscript Codex B, or Sixtine Edition. The Strong’s Greek Dictionary of the New Testament, by reference “Six.” refers exclusively to the text of the Bos alphabetically inserting new numbers delineated by Bible rather than its footnotes. The reference "CP" decimal points between the existing Strong’s New Tes- refers to the Complutensian Polyglot Bible printed in tament Greek words. Hence, a word with an AB- Alcala, Spain in 1517, but with most of its variants Strong number with a decimal point generally means listed in the Bos footnotes. The reference "Ald.” refers that that word appears only in the Greek Old Testa- to the Aldine Bible printed in Venice, Italy in 1518, by ment. In some cases various Strong’s numbers have Aldus Manutius, containing the Old and New Testa- been merged into one number, mainly concerning the ments in Greek only, but with most of its variants also verb “ειµι,” or “to be” where James Strong had subdi- listed in the Bos footnotes. *See Note on the Second vided the word “ειµι“ by tense and mood and had given Edition. each conjugation its own number. But now these words have been combined into one basic number - #1510. abbreviations Likewise the personal pronoun “εγω,” or “I” was sub- Advb. - Adverb divided by case and number, and each declension was Ald. - Aldine Edition given its own AB-Strong number. These words are now Alex. - Codex Alexandrinus combined into number - #1473. Whenever a merger Aram. - Aramaic of Strong's numbers does occur, it will be noted in the Chald. - Chaldean Lexical Concordance under the old number. CP - Complutensian Polyglot Bible dim. - diminutive section headings, chapters and verses et seq. – and the following Section headings appear in The Apostolic Bible to Heb. - Hebrew enable one to quickly find a particular section of the i.e. - that is Bible. Chapter and verse numbering in The Apostolic lit. – literal; literally Bible generally follows the current Authorized Version Six. - Sixtine model. The Complutensian Polyglot Bible agrees with substv. - substantive the Hebrew as far as book and chapter order much translt. - transliteration more closely than the Sixtine or Aldine Greek editions. viz – namely The Apostolic Bible follows the Complutensian Poly- glot model which varies somewhat from the traditional vii accent marks and pronunciation directly under their Greek words. Another example is The earliest Greek Bible manuscripts were written in Genesis 1:11 with the hyphen structure, in the uncial form; that is, capital letters, and they had few or no accent marks. Without going into great de- 2036-3588-2316 eipen o qeoV tail on the development of accent marks, let it be noted God said that volume 5 of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible, printed in 1518, contains a New Testament text that is which would literally be, “said the God,” but is trans- accented with only one accent mark; that is, the acute, lated, “God said.” Hyphen structures are also found over the vowel being emphasized. The 1843 2-volume with most far & wide words listed on page vii. In set of William Pickering's Greek New Testament Genesis 2:10 the hyphen structure, contains largely an unaccented edition of the Greek New Testament. The Apostolic Bible has a single dot 4215-1161 potamoV de above the vowel, or vowels which take the emphasis. And a river With some unaccented Greek words, called enclitics, the preceding Greek word can take accents over more would literally read, “river and,” but is translated, than one vowel. “And a river.” A final example of a type of hyphen structure appears in Acts 1:13, bracket structures Common English word order has the subject listed 3739-5037 o te before the verb; for example, "the sufferings of the both Christ abound." Greek word order may differ by hav- ing the verb appear before the subject; for example, where two numbers and two Greek words appear, but "abound the sufferings of the Christ." For clarity the only one English word, "both." Sometimes a group of bracket structure is used with a follow-the-number particles take on a combined meaning that would not scheme. be obvious with individual words. Hyphen structures may occur within Bracket Structures. Hyphens be- 4052 3588 3804 3588 5547 perrisseuei ta paqhmata tou cristou tween AB-Strong numbers should send a signal that [5abound 1the 2sufferings 3of the 4Christ] the word order has been changed, and the English word does not necessarily lie under its Greek equiva- hyphen structures lent. Hyphen structures appear throughout The Apostolic punctuation & italics Bible, and are similar to bracket structures, except gen- erally only two or three words at the most are at issue. Following the tradition of the earliest manuscripts, Hyphen structures are used, among other things, with there are no punctuation marks in the Greek text of Greek pronouns where the Greek word order is re- The Apostolic Bible. Many of the earliest Greek versed. For example, in Genesis 3:14 the hyphen struc- manuscripts did not even have letter spacing, and all ture, the letters ran together and would have looked some- thing like this: andenoslivedahundredandnin- 4738-1473 tyyears. Punctuation marks were added to the Greek sthqei sou text through the centuries, and many manuscripts dif- your breast fer in these punctuation marks. Punctuation marks appear in the English text of The Apostolic Bible, but literally would read "breast of you," but is translated, not the Greek text. Question marks are added when "your breast." In this case the English words are not viii the text clearly shows a question is asked, but this is not Greek have taken on their own identity, and therefore always evident, as the Greek does not always have a names have been spelled and pronounced differently "why, does, do, will, or can." Commas are used when from the original, as they are not all transliterations of slight pauses in the text flow are present. Semi-colons, the Hebrew, or English transliterations from the and dashes are used for breaks, depending on the in- Greek. For example, the Hebrew name Yeshua has tensity of the break. The period marks the end of a been transliterated into Ιησους, pronounced “ee-ee- sentence. The Apostolic Bible takes advantage of the sous” in Greek, but from Greek to English Ιησους has Greek imperative by placing an exclamation mark as been translated Joshua, Yeshua, and Jesus. Another close to the imperative as possible. In a few places pa- example of name confusion is the name of Elijah the renthesis are used to set off words not intended to be prophet, called Elias in the King James New Testa- part of the main argument of the text. The apostrophe ment, but Elijah in other English bibles. In general the is used as in general English usage. Brackets are used Apostolic Bible has kept to current spellings of well- in bracket structures for aid in following the Greek known names in the Bible. word order. Daggers in the text refer to footnotes. The proper name for the Deity is another area and Quotation marks do not appear in The Apostolic Bi- one of great concern. THE NAME as spelled in the ble, as they take on too much of an editorial presuppo- Hebrew alphabet is “הוהי”. But “הוהי” is seldom sition as to who is saying what. English words appear- used in English Bibles, opting for the usage of “the ing in the italic font are words that have been added for LORD.” What name the original translators of the clarification by the translator, or words that do not Hebrew Scriptures wrote with pen for THE NAME in agree with the Greek grammatical structure demanded. the Greek Scriptures is unknown, but the majority of the extant manuscripts have "κυριος" which is trans- collective nouns lated, "the LORD," with “the” added for clarity. But the In English, the phrase, "the people" means a group word “κυριος” is also used for a lord of a manor, a mag- of people. In Greek the noun can take either a singular istrate, or a ruler, translated “master” or “lord,” with or plural meaning, and is often preceded by the defi- the lord in all lower case. Also, it is not uncommon to nite article which can be either singular or plural, and find “κυριος, κυριος“ in the Greek, meaning “the Lord agrees with the noun it modifies in number. In this הוהי.” There are Greek manuscripts where the tetra- case the singular Greek article would necessitate a sin- grammaton “הוהי” appears in the Greek text with the gular "people." Conversely a plural article would ne- original Hebrew letters, and this may have been the cessitate a plural, “peoples.” Many other like structures original method with some Greek autographs. There- exist in the Greek Scriptures, and although the English fore in The Apostolic Bible all examples of lowercase word appearing in the plural with the ending "-es" may “lord” refer to a person of esteem. “LORD” with all appear strange, the Greek insists on it, if one is doing a letters capitalized refers to the tetragrammaton “הוהי.” literal translation. Therefore many English collective ”Lord” with the first letter capitalized in the Old Tes- nouns will end with “-es.” Literalness takes precedence tament stands for the first word of “Lord הוהי.” In over smooth reading and is of foremost importance in the New Testament “Lord” with the first letter capital- translating the Scriptures. ized stands for the “the Lord” when referring to Jesus/ Deity. proper names Proper names have been capitalized in The Apos- The spelling of proper names, including titles and tolic Bible, but that leads to the question of what is a places in the Bible, is an inexact science. It would proper name? “Satan” in many places has been tradi- seem that if a proper name would be just transliterated tionally translated as both “adversary” and “Satan.” into the vernacular there would be no confusion, but “God,” as a title for the Deity has been capitalized, but such is not the case. Hebrew names translated into when the case refers to deities the lower case "god" is ix used. This leads to problems in certain cases as to index word appearing on the top line, and the Greek whether the Scripture is referring to God or a god. dictionary word, or “stemma,” indented below with the Another example is “Philistine,” referring to a certain AB-Strong number to the right of the stemma. An- people dwelling in Philistia, while in other instances other indented section of English words may appear “philistine” is a reference to a condition of perceived below the stemma, and these are parallel English words barbarity used in a somewhat pejorative sense. having the same stemma for their parent. These Eng- James Strong numbered the Hebrew Old Testament lish parallel words appear under their own respective and Greek New Testament proper names. The Apos- structures elsewhere in the English-Greek Index. The tolic Bible does not number proper names at all, but English word as it appears in the text of The Apostolic instead puts an asterisk above every proper name and Bible may not be identical to the English index word. title. For example, “changeover” may be just “change,” de- pending on the context. Or “lodge strangers” may be plants and animals just “lodge,” as there might be a separate Greek word The names given for the animal kingdom pose an- for “stranger” following. other problem. For example, names such as siren, dragon, and satyr...do these represent true animals or a LEXICAL CONCORDANCE personification of ancient thought to a type of dae- The Lexical Concordance is the third of the three mon? Greek dictionaries are not in complete agree- major works of The Apostolic Bible. *See Note on the ment when it comes to animal and plant names. The Second Edition. The Lexical Concordance consists of Greek tree called the "sycamine" is commonly trans- columnar structures. The top line of the structure lated into “mulberry,” but in no way could it be related consists of the Greek dictionary word, or “stemma,” in to the mulberry tree located in England. Consider the the present active indicative, first person singular form evergreens: the pine, fir, cypress, spruce; can we be for a verb, and in the nominative singular form for a sure which is being referred to among the trees of noun-adjective. On the same line to the right of the Lebanon? It may be best to do studies of each particu- stemma is the AB-Strong number. Below the stemma lar name within the context of profane writings to is the concise English lexical entry. Transliterations gather more facts and descriptions to identify certain are words that have been copied letter by letter from species. However, that might not be completely satis- one language to another, but have no true meaning in factory, for what is called a “rabbit” in one region may the secondary language; that is, the word does not gen- be called a “hare” or “hyrax” in another. Similarly, in erally appear in any dictionary. For example, 1 the animal kingdom, the ox is a term for a member of Chronicles 12:21, a raiding band or troop is called in the oxen family, and is also a general term for any Hebrew, the “g’dood." Similarly the “g’dood” is trans- member of the bovine family. Other problem areas lated γεδδουρ in Greek. Transliterations are marked in include the locust and grasshopper families with nu- the lexical entry with italic words such as Hebrew, Syriac merous Greek names for many species. or whatever trace language is referred to. Translitera- tions appear in various ways. One example is how the ENGLISH-GREEK INDEX Greek word is transliterated more or less letter by letter The English-Greek Index of The Apostolic Bible is into English, such as "αγγελος" to "angel" rather than a the second of the three major works of The Apostolic descriptive English word being used, in this case, Bible. *See Note on the Second Edition. The English- "messenger." Transliterations can cross the boundary Greek Index is an alphabetical listing of every English of more than one language; for example, in Mark 5:41, word appearing in The Apostolic Bible, except for “ταλιθα” is a transliteration from Aramaic into Greek, proper names. The structures consist of the English then again is transliterated into the English “talitha.” x