The Apocalyptic Rhetoric of Dispensational Premillennialism By Dr. David Naugle Introduction According to Francis Fukuyama, deputy director of the State Department's policy planning staff, events at the end of the 1980s such as the demise of the cold war and the lure of creeping capitalism (even in Moscow) reflected a significance far greater than just the reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev; they suggest that the ideological Armageddon has been fought and western liberal democracy has been declared the victor. For Fukuyama, this means that the end of history has come. He writes: What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the cold war, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.1 Fukuyama's thesis, provocative though it may be, would be vigorously opposed by many grassroot American Christians who have specific views about the terminus ad quem of human history and what divinely planned eschatological events must transpire prior to the final day. These grassroot American Christians are constitutients of the larger fundamentalist-evangelical movement and the theological system that informs their historical perspective is technically known as "dispensational premillennialism," a system that has a heavy eschatological or apocalyptic emphasis. Indeed for such believers, history has by no means ended. The essential tenets of dispensational theology can be traced back to an Irish clergyman by the name of John Nelson Darby (1800-82) whose disenchantment with the Church of England led him to re-examine the biblical teaching on the nature of the 1 Francis Fukuyama, "The End of History?" National Interest (Summer 1989). It is significant to note that Fukuyama's article appeared before Novemeber 9, 1989—the day the Berlin Wall was breached and before other eastern European countries were opened to democracy. These events certainly lend to Fukuyama's thesis. church. In 1829 he published a tract titled "Considerations on the Nature and Unity of the Church of Christ" which embodied the essential principles of dispensationalism and set forth a distinctive ecclesiology which provided the basis for what came to be known as the Plymouth Brethren Movement. In the course of time, Darby and others began to spread the brethren movement and dispensationalism around the world, the United States included. Darby himself traveled to America seven times between 1862-77 speaking in churches and at conferences especially along the eastern seaboard. Darby was a prolific writer and in the mass of material which came forth from his pen, the fundamental tenets of dispensationalism can be found in a somewhat haphazard fashion. It remained for others to systematize his thought in a more organized fashion. The first of these systematizers was C. I. Scofield (1843-1921) who 109 years after Darby's birth published theScofield Reference Bible (1909). Through its notes and outlines, an attractive and easy-to-understand synthesis of dispensationalism was made available. TheScofield Reference Bible was the Bible of dedicated dispensationalists for almost six decades. It was revised in 1917 and 1967 and only of late has been replaced by the Ryrie Study Bible (named after the author of its notes and outlines, Charles C. Ryrie) as a main organ of organizing and promoting a dispensational understanding of the Bible. The systematization of dispensationalism also was achieved at a more formal, theological level in the writings of a Presbyterian evangelist and song leader by the name of Lewis Sperry Chafer. Chafer was the founder and first president of the Evangelical Theological College (est.1913) which was later renamed as Dallas Theological Seminary (DTS). This seminary along with its acquired theological journal Bibliotheca Sacra became the world's leading exponent and exporter of dispensational theology. In the minds of many, "Dallas Seminary" and dispensationalism are virtually synonymous. During the 1950s and especially in the 1960s, dispensationalism underwent some significant revisions. Criticisms from a variety of sources stimulated the re-thinking of numerous issues and important revisions found their way into the writings of several proponents of the system, all of whom were professors at DTS. These include J. Dwight Pentecost (Things To Come, 1958), John F. Walvoord (The Millennial Kingdom, 1959), and Charles C. Ryrie whose volume Dispensationalism Today (1965) is best known for setting forth a tripartite sine qua non of dispensationalsim and for its response to various criticisms presented by opposing theological camps. Even further developments in dispensationalism have been taking place during the decades of the seventies and the eighties, developments of such a magnitude that one may legitimately ask what remains of classic dispensationalism as system of theology. Indeed, one might call this highly revisionist form, "neo-dispensationalism." Dispensational Premillennialism has wielded considerable influence in the United States, not only ecclesiastically but also at a broader socio-cultural level. This has been largely due to the popularization of dispensationalism through a variety of means, not the least of which has been through the electronic church and the now notoriously famous "televangelists." The ubiquitous religious broadcasters who espouse and promote dispensationalism include such luminaries as Jerry Falwell whose "Old Time Gospel Hour" reaches an estimated 5.6 million households (6.6 of all viewers); Pat Robertson whose show "The 700 Club" finds its way into some 16 million television households (19% of all viewers); Jimmy Swaggert's program in its time entered the homes of 4.5 million people daily and 9.25 million viewers on Sunday (10.9% of the T.V. audience); Jim and Tammy Bakker's show formerly reached about 6 million American families or 6.8 of the media's audience; and finally Oral Roberts' programs garner an audience of about 5.7 million people (6.8% of the viewers).2 In addition to the above means by which dispensational teachings are broadcast in America, there are numerous Bible schools, colleges and seminaries which promote this perspective not to mention the fact that in one form or another, dispensationalism is preached from hundreds of pulpits across the land on any given Sunday. The printed word has also been an exceedingly successful means of popularizing dispensationalism. Most notable in recent years has been Hal Lindsey's book The Late Great Planet Earth (1970) which reportedly sold an estimated 18 to 20 million copies in the 1970s, outselling every other book in that decade except the Bible itself.3 Because of the enormous sale of this book, Lindsey, educated at the University of Houston and Dallas Theological Seminary, "has become the most widely read writer on prophetic themes in history."4 Of local interest, Tom Landry, the former coach of the Dallas Cowboys who serves on the Board of Directors of Dallas Theological Seminary, and W. A. Criswell, pastor of the 25, 000 member First Baptist Church in Dallas, are also proponents of the dispensational perspective. And finally, even the name of Ronald Reagan has been associated with dispensationalism by virtue of his contact with the religious right throughout his presidency.5 For many, it was Reagan's "dispensationalism" that 2 These T.V. ratings come from Grace Hasell, Prophecy and Politics: Militant Evangelists on the Road to Nuclear War, pp. 11-13. She also includes the viewing audience of lesser known dispensational televangelists such as Kenneth Copeland (4.9 million), Richard De Haan (4.075 million), and Rex Humbard (3.7 million). Hasell reports that a Nielsen survey released in October 1985 shows that 61 million Americans (40% of all viewers) regularly listen to televangelists. 3 Ibid., p. 4. 4 Timothy P. Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism 1975-1982, p. 211. 5 "Did Ronald Reagan grow up with the same belief system as . . . Jerry Falwell, Jimmy Swaggert and other dispensationalists? Andrew Lang of possibly governed his view of communist Russia (the "evil empire"), motivated his military build-up campaign, influenced his pro-Israeli foreign policy and inclined him toward the possible use of nuclear weapons.6 From this survey it is easy to see that dispensational premillennialism has had significant impact from bottom to top, from grassroots America all the way to the highest levels of government.7 It is a system of theology which, because of its controversial teachings and pervasive influence, is hotly debated. Either it draws hearty support or arouses raging ire. Few who understand it are neutral about it. For some it is a most "sound, sober, sane, trustworthy"8 exposition of biblical prophecy. For others, it is religiously exotic, "a remarkable achievement of the mythopoeic fantasy" comparable to Washington, D. C., who has made an in-depth study of Reagan and Armageddon theology, believes that he did. 'If Reagan was not a dispensationalist in the years of his presidency, he was earlier on. Remarks made by Reagan in the 1970s, and revealed for the first time in 1985, prove that Reagan was a dispensationalist—a believer in the ideology of Armageddon.' " Hasell, p. 40. See pages 40-50 in her book for a full treatment of Reagan's relationship to dispensationalism and the Religious Right. 6 The candidacy of Pat Robertson for the presidency in 1988 was adversely affected in similar ways by his prophetic outlook. For a fascinating fictional account of a U.S. president whose prophetic beliefs could induce nuclear war, see Charles Colson with Ellen Santilli Vaughn, Kingdoms in Conflict, pp. 12- 40. 7 Estimates as to the number of premillennialists in America vary from four to eight million (David Edwin Harrell, Jr. "Dispensational Premillennialism and the Religious Right" in The Return of the Millennium, p. 11; for further statistical information see "Our Future Hope: Eschatology and Its Role in the Church." A Christianity Today Institute Symposium. Christianity Today 6 Feb. 1987). This figure may not identify correctly the adherents of dispensational premillennialism which is to be distinguished from what is called historic or classic premillennialism. On this distinction see Harvie M. Conn, Contemporary World Theology: A Layman's Guidebook, pp. 106-111. 8 Charles C. Ryrie, The Bible and Tomorrow's News, p. 8. the "apocalyptic poems of Blake."9 For some, this hermeneutical system is nothing short of an astounding intellectual and spiritual achievement.10 For others, dispensationalism reflects an hermeneutical naivety that misunderstands language and leads to inconsistencies of interpretation.11 In general, some call dispensationalism "the most controversial"12 yet the most significant theological development since the Apostle Paul, while others refer to it as a "cultic form of evangelicalism"13 if not an outright heresy.14 9 James Barr, Fundamentalism, p. 195. 10 Hal Lindsey, The Late Great Planet Earth, p. 181, says that "Christians after the early second century spent little time defining prophetic truth until the middle of the nineteenth century [the time of J. N. Darby]. Then there seems to have been a great revival of interest in the prophetic themes of the Bible. Today, Christians who have diligently studied prophecy, trusting the Spirit of God for illumination, have a greater insight into its meaning than ever before." This is, no doubt, a reference to the dispensational system. 11 Vern S. Poythress, Understanding Dispensationalists, pp. 78-96. 12 Personal conversation (3/16/90) with William N. Garrison, private attorney, Fort Worth City Councilman and member of the Board of Directors of Dallas Theological Seminary. 13 Personal conversation (4/5/90) with Carl F. H. Henry, author of some thirty books, scores of articles and is considered by many to be the "Dean" of evangelical theologians. 14 The Board of Christian Education of the Presbyterian Church, U.S. prepared and distributed by order of the General Assembly a document entitled "Dispensationalism and the Confession of Faith" (1944) which charged dispensational theologian Lewis Sperry Chafer with heresy, especially in regard to his teaching that the Bible taught two ways of salvation, in the Old Testament by works, in the New Testament by faith and grace. The conclusion of the document reads as follows: "It is the unanimous opinion of your committee that Dispensationalism . . . is out of accord with the system of the doctrine set forth in the Confession of Faith, not primarily or simply in the field of eschatology, but because it attacks the very heart of the Theology of our Church which is unquestionably a Theology of one Covenant of Grace." In agreement with this The eschatological or apocalyptic orientation of dispensationalism renders it a veritable goldmine for rhetorical analysis. What do dispensationalists talk about? How do they talk, especially about "end times"? With what language do they present their understanding of eschatological events which will bring human history to a close? Is dispensational discourse presented soberly, persuasively or sensationally? What kind of consequences does the apocalyptic rhetoric of dispensationalism have on the attitudes of its adherents and upon society in general? In short, is dispensationalism rhetorically self-conscious? The above questions will be explored in this paper which is devoted to a consideration of the apocalyptic rhetoric of dispensational premillennialism. The architecture of this project will be as follows. First in brief compass an exposition of dispensational theology and its apocalyptic eschatology will be presented. This will be followed by the definitions of both apocalypticism and rhetoric making it possible to proceed to an informed, contextualized presentation of the apocalyptic rhetoric of dispensational premillennialism. This will be done by examining several colloquial sayings and by setting forth quotations from the popular literature on two central subjects: the rapture and the role of the Jews in the dispensational prophetic program. A summary and conclusion will round out the work. AN ANATOMY OF DISPENSATIONAL PREMILLENNIALISM15 verdict yet for different reasons, Barr says, "If dispensationalism is not a heresy, then nothing is heresy" (p. 196). 15 Certain presuppositions underlie dispensationalism which are quite contrary to the assumptions and Zeitgeist of the postmodern world. First of all, in contrast to the prevalent naturalism and atheism or divine immanentism and processism, is a belief in the existence of the sovereign and infinite God who made heaven and earth as an entity separate from Himself and who controls the history and destiny of humankind and the nations. Second, in contradistinction to Allis has set forth the essentials of dispensationalism in the following telegraphic phrases. . . . that Israel and the church are quite distinct; that the kingdom prophecies of the Old Testament refer to Israel, not to the Church; that Israel is God's earthly people, while the Church is a heavenly mystery, unknown to the prophets and first revealed to the apostle Paul; that the Church is a parenthesis in God's prophetic program for Israel, and that its presence on earth interrupts the fulfillment of that program; that the rapture of the Church may take place "at any moment" and will be followed by a Jewish age in which the kingdom prophecies concerning Israel will be literally fulfilled.16 In order to cut this Gordian knot, it may be helpful to dissect dispensationalism by looking at it in two parts, first its theology and secondly its eschatology. Dispensational theology Dispensational theology17 consists of four essential concepts, that of the dispensations themselves and the tripartite sine qua non all of which are discussed by Charles C. Ryrie in his book, Dispensationalism Today. the view of the cultural relativity of truth and all religious systems, is the belief in "true truth" or absolute, objective knowledge which has been disclosed by God through divine revelation and has been deposited authoritatively in the books of an inerrant Bible. When interpreted literally (and dispensationally), there comes an epistemological certitude for believers who have commited their lives to God and who have accepted His revelation in faith. A final presupposition concerns the philosophy of history. Rather than viewing history as either circular or cyclical, history is understood in a linear fashion with a concrete beginning and a concrete end. As May has offered, "But time is not cyclical, and this is the uniqueness of Judaeo-Christianity in the perspective of world religions. It has accepted the irreversibility of time, the terror of history" (Toward a New Earth: Apocalypse in the American Novel, p. 12). The contemporary reader will be assisted in understanding this paper if these underlying notions are kept in mind. 16 Oswald T. Allis, Prophecy and the Church, p. vi. 1 George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 55-62, has suggested that the philosophical assumptions behind dispensational theology are the Baconian tradition supported by Scottish Common Sense Realism and a Newtonian view of the universe. Marsden writes of these respectively: "To whatever degree dispensationalists consciously considered themselves Baconians . . . this closely describes the assumptions of virtually all First is the belief that Biblical and human history may be divided up into dispensations which, according to Ryrie, are "distinguishable economies in the outworking of God's purpose."18 The word "dispensation" comes from the Latin word dispensatio which the Vulgate used to translate the Greek word oikonomia— management or administration. Scofield, who defined a dispensation as "a period of time during which man is tested in respect of obedience to some specific revelation of the will of God,"19 found seven such time periods or administrations in the biblical record: innocence (Adam's condition before the fall into sin), conscience (from the fall of man to the flood of Noah), human government (from the time of Noah to Abram), promise (from Abraham to Moses), law (from the giving of the law to Moses to Christ's crucifixion), grace (the present church age) and kingdom (when Christ returns and sets up his rule in Israel). While not all dispensationalists assert that there are or have to be seven dispensations, nevertheless they do believe that Scripture is best understood and interpreted when dispensational distinctions are recognized. Dispensationalism views the world as a household run by God. In this household- world God is dispensing or administering its affairs according to His own will and in various stages of revelation in the process of time. These various stages mark of them. They were absolutely convinced that all they were doing was taking the hard facts of Scripture, carefully classifying them, and thus discovering the clear patterns which Scripture revealed" (p. 56). "Common Sense philosophy affirmed their ability to know 'the facts' directly. With the Scriptures at hand as a compendium of facts, there was no need to go further. They needed only to classify the facts, and follow wherever they might lead" (p. 56). "Thus the millenarian's view of Scripture was, in effect, modeled after the Newtonian view of the physical universe. Created by God, it was a perfect self-contained unity governed by exact laws which could be discovered by careful analysis and classification" (p. 57). The précis of dispensational theology in the text of this paper confirms Marsden's suggestions. 18 Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism Today, p. 29. 19 C. I. Scofield, Scofield Reference Bible, 1917 edition, p. 5, note 4. off the distinguishably different economies in the outworking of His total purpose, and these economies are dispensations. The understanding of God's differing economies is essential to a proper interpretation of His revelation within those various economies.20 Second, "a dispensationalist keeps Israel and the Church distinct."21 This is perhaps the most characteristic mark of dispensationalism, that God is pursuing two purposes with two peoples with two plans such that the church, sui generis, is separate in relation to God's plan for Israel. Chafer elaborates on this dispensational essential by noting that "The dispensationalist believes that throughout the ages God is pursuing two distinct purposes: one related to the earth with earthly people and earthly objectives involved which is Judaism; while the other is related to heaven with heavenly people and heavenly objectives involved, which is Christianity. . . . 22 A third characteristic of dispensationalism which is said to be the real basis for the above distinction between Israel and the church is its literal hermeneutic. Whether the word literal, plain or normal is used, the idea is that a dispensationalist does not utilize a spiritual or allegorical method to interpret biblical texts, especially prophecy. 20 Ryrie, p. 31. 21 Ibid., p. 44. 22 Lewis Sperry Chafer, Dispensationalism, p. 107. Two observations are pertinent here. First, one should note the radical dualism involved in this distinction between Israel and the Church: Israel is concerned with earthly matters; the church with heavenly ones. This distinction essentially eliminates all socio-cultural involvement on the part of the church since its purpose is explicitly stated to be heavenly or otherworldly. Consequently, if the dispensational linguistic output about the church is true to this dualism, little should be said to encourage the church to any kind of historical concern or social involvement. Second, in making the distinction between Israel and the church, it should be noted that Israel is God's primary concern. The church is a kind of parenthesis in God's prophetic program for Israel, its presence interrupting the fulfillment of that program. The fact that dispensationalism is an Israeli-centered philosophy of history accounts for the emphatic Jewishness of its rhetoric.