y g o l o p o r h t n a n i s r e d a e r l l e w k c a l b the anthropology of the state a reader edited by aradhana sharma and akhil gupta The Anthropology of the State Blackwell Readers in Anthropology As anthropology moves beyond the limits of so-called area studies, there is an increasing need for texts that do the work of synthesizing the literature while challenging more traditional or subdisciplinary approaches to anthropology. This isthe object ofthis exciting new series, Blackwell Readers inAnthropology. Eachvolumeintheseriesoffersseminalreadingsonachosenthemeandprovidesthe finest, most thought-provoking recent works in the given thematic area. Many of thesevolumesbringtogetherforthefirsttimeabodyofliteratureonacertaintopic. Theseriesthusbothpresentsdefinitivecollectionsandinvestigatestheverywaysin which anthropological inquiry hasevolved and isevolving. 1 The Anthropologyof Media: AReader Edited by Kelly Askew and Richard R. Wilk 2 Genocide: An Anthropological Reader Edited by Alexander Laban Hinton 3 The Anthropologyof Space and Place: Locating Culture Edited by Setha Low and Denise Lawrence-Zu´n˜iga 4 Violence in Warand Peace: AnAnthology Edited by Nancy Scheper-HughesandPhilippe Bourgois 5 Same-Sex Culturesand Sexualities: AnAnthropological Reader Edited by Jennifer Robertson 6 SocialMovements: AnAnthropological Reader Edited by June Nash 7 The CulturalPoliticsof Foodand Eating:A Reader Edited by James L.WatsonandMelissa L.Caldwell 8 Anthropologyof Globalization: AReader Edited by Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo 9 The Anthropologyof theState: AReader Edited by Aradhana Sharma and AkhilGupta The Anthropology of the State A Reader Edited by Aradhana Sharma and Akhil Gupta Editorialmaterialandorganization(cid:1)2006byBlackwellPublishingLtd BLACKWELLPUBLISHING 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK 550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia TherightofAradhanaSharmaandAkhilGuptatobeidentifiedastheAuthorsoftheEditorialMaterialin thisWorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionof thepublisher. Firstpublished2006byBlackwellPublishingLtd 1 2006 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Theanthropologyofthestate:areader/editedbyAradhanaSharmaandAkhilGupta. p.cm.–(Blackwellreadersinanthropology;9) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-1467-7(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-1467-3(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-13:978-1-4051-1468-4(pbk.:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-1468-1(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Politicalanthropology.2.State,The.3.Nationalstate.4. Sovereignty.5.Worldpolitics.I.Sharma,Aradhana.II.Gupta,Akhil,1959–III.Series. GN492.A542006 306.2—dc22 2005013799 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin10/12Sabon bySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundinIndia byReplikaPress,Pvt.Ltd.India Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,and whichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmentalaccreditationstandards. Forfurtherinformationon BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com Dedication by Aradhana Sharma For Vijay Dhawan Dedication by Akhil Gupta For two generations whose courage and can-do spirit is inspiring and infectious My father, Jwala P. Gupta and my daughter, Deeya Shivani Gupta Contents Acknowledgments ix Organization of theBook xi Introduction: Rethinking Theoriesof the State inan Age of Globalization 1 PartITheoretical Genealogies 43 Introduction 45 1 Bureaucracy 49 MaxWeber 2 State and Civil Society 71 Antonio Gramsci 3 Ideologyand IdeologicalState Apparatuses 86 (Notes towards an Investigation) LouisAlthusser 4 Notes on theDifficulty of Studying theState 112 Philip Abrams 5 Governmentality 131 Michel Foucault 6 Governing‘‘Advanced’’LiberalDemocracies 144 Nikolas Rose viii CONTENTS Part IIEthnographic Mappings 163 Section IBureaucracy andGovernmentality 165 7 Society,Economy,andthe State Effect 169 TimothyMitchell 8 Findingthe Man inthe State 187 WendyBrown 9 Blurred Boundaries: The Discourseof Corruption, 211 the Culture ofPolitics, and theImagined State AkhilGupta Section IIPlanning and Development 243 10 Cities, People,and Language 247 James C.Scott 11 The Anti-Politics Machine 270 James Ferguson Section III Violence, Law,and Citizenship 287 12 Making Warat Homein theUnited States: Militarization 291 and theCurrentCrisis Catherine Lutz 13 CulturalLogics of Belonging and Movement: Transnationalism, 310 Naturalization, and USImmigration Politics SusanBiblerCoutin 14 The Public/Private Mirage: MappingHomes and 337 Undomesticating Violence Work inthe South Asian Immigrant Community AnannyaBhattacharjee Section IV PopularCulture 357 15 Popular Culture and the State 360 Stuart Hall 16 The Banality ofPower and theAesthetics of Vulgarity inthe Postcolony 381 Achille Mbembe Index 401 Acknowledgments This book is a result of the collaborative work of several individuals. Donald Moore and K.Sivaramakrishnangaveushelpfulsuggestionsasweconceptualizedthisbook.Anonymous reviewers guided the project through their detailed feedback on the introduction and the proposed contents. Lalaie Ameeriar and Aaron David Shaw provided Akhil Gupta with crucialresearchassistance.PurnimaMankekarreadourintroductionandcontributedgreatly toitssubstanceandstyle.AkhilGuptawouldalsoliketothanktheSouthAsiaCenteratthe UniversityofHawaiiatManoaforinvitinghimtopresentanearlierversionoftheintroduc- tionthere.WearegratefultocolleaguesatHawaiifortheirvaluablecomments.JaneHuber andEmilyMartinatBlackwellareaninspiringeditorialteam.Notonlydidtheymakethis projectpossible,buttheyprovidedinvaluableinputandsupportfortheprojectrightthrough to its final stages. We would not have been able to write this book without the support, encouragement, and critical engagement of all these colleagues, and weare grateful to each oneofthem.Themistakesare,ofcourse,solelyours. The editor and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyrightmaterialinthisbook: 1 Max Weber, ‘‘Bureaucracy,’’ pp. 956–1005 from G. Roth and C. Wittich, Economy and Society:AnOutlineofInterpretiveSociology,trans.E.Fischoff,H.Gerth,A.M.Hender- son, F. Kolegar, C. Wright Mills, T. Parsons, M. Rheinstein, G. Roth, E. Shils, and C. Wittich.NewYork:BedminsterPress,1968. 2 AntonioGramsci,‘‘StateandCivilSociety,’’pp.228–70fromSelectionsfromthePrison NotebooksofAntonioGramsci,ed.andtrans.Q.HoareandG.NowellSmith.NewYork andLondon:InternationalPublishersandLawrence&Wishart,1971. 3 LouisAlthusser,‘‘IdeologyandIdeologicalStateApparatuses(NotestowardsanInvesti- gation),’’ pp. 127–86 from Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. B. Brewster. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1971. Copyright (cid:1) 1971 by Monthly ReviewPress.ReprintedbypermissionofMonthlyReviewFoundation. 4 PhilipAbrams,‘‘NotesontheDifficultyofStudyingtheState,’’pp.58–89fromJournalof Historical Sociology, 1(1), March 1988 (1977). Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing.