Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see Drug economics AIDS and HIV infection costs and risks in Andean region, 155-56 AIDS and HIV infection risks and prices along distribution chains, and drug-related crime, 89 153-55 and needle sharing among injecting drug Drug testing users, 43, 49-50, 61, 62 accuracy, 128 prevention of, 63-64, 174 drug-monitoring programs, 114, 125-28 see also Legal access to drug injection equip- EMIT (enzyme multiplied immunoassay ment test), 114-15, 128, 134 AIDS AND LEGAL ACCESS TO STERILE implementation problems for pretrial testing DRUG INJECTION EQUIPMENT, Don C. programs, 119-22, 129 Des Jarlais and Samuel R. Friedman, pretrial misconduct, 116, 117, 123-24 42-65 pretrial risk assessment, 113, 115-16 Amsterdam, legal access to drug injection program evaluations, 116-18, 123-25 equipment, 50-51 see also Hair testing; Urine testing Anglin, Douglas, 9 Drug treatment programs ANGLIN, M. DOUGLAS and THOMAS H. civil commitment for compulsory treatment, MAUGH II, Ensuring Success in Inter- 78-79, 94, 97 ventions with Drug-Using Offenders, 66- cocaine treatment programs, 72-76 90 detoxification programs, 69, 94 effectiveness of coercive programs, 76-78 Caulkins, Jonathan, 10 effectiveness for juveniles, 38-39 CAULKiNS, JONATHAN P., see KLEIMAN, guidelines for criminal-justice-system-based MARK A. R., coauthor drug treatment programs, 83-88 Cocaine, in utero exposure to, 11-27 identification and selection of offenders for environmental factors, effect on sequelae of treatment, 83, 84, 86 cocaine exposure, 19-21, 26-27 methadone maintenance, 69-70, 89, 94, 173 methodology in assessing effects of cocaine, Minnesota Model, 73-74, 102 21-24, 27 outpatient drug-free treatment, 71 treatment programs, see Drug treatment therapeutic communities, 71, 94 programs, cocaine treatment programs Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC), 80-81, 95, 96 Dembo, Richard, 9 Drug use DEMBO, RICHARD, LINDA WILLIAMS, and and crime and delinquency, 32-33, 67, 105, JAMES SCHMEIDLER, Drug Abuse 114 among Juvenile Detainees, 28-41 and physical and sexual abuse of youths, Des Jarlais, Don, 9 33-34 DES JARLAIS, DON C. and SAMUEL R. and problematic behaviors of youths, 29-31 FRIEDMAN, AIDS and Legal Access to Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 92, 105- Sterile Drug Injection Equipment, 42-65 7, 130, 169, 173 DRUG ABUSE AMONG JUVENILE DE- DuPont, Robert, 9 TAINEES, Richard Dembo, Linda Wil- DuPONT, ROBERT L. and ERIC D. WISH, liams, and James Schmeidler, 28-41 Operation Tripwire Revisited, 91-111 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 96, 169, 173 Edinburgh, legal access to drug injection equip- Drug control policy, source country programs ment, 52 assessment of long-term effectiveness, 157- ENSURING SUCCESS IN INTERVEN- 61 TIONS WITH DRUG-USING OFFEND- crop substitution, 158 ERS, M. Douglas Anglin and Thomas H. eradication, 156-57 Maugh II, 66-90 land buy-out, 159 Evaluation research, 175-88 refinery destruction, 160 communication with policymakers, 184-85 232 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see Drug economics AIDS and HIV infection costs and risks in Andean region, 155-56 AIDS and HIV infection risks and prices along distribution chains, and drug-related crime, 89 153-55 and needle sharing among injecting drug Drug testing users, 43, 49-50, 61, 62 accuracy, 128 prevention of, 63-64, 174 drug-monitoring programs, 114, 125-28 see also Legal access to drug injection equip- EMIT (enzyme multiplied immunoassay ment test), 114-15, 128, 134 AIDS AND LEGAL ACCESS TO STERILE implementation problems for pretrial testing DRUG INJECTION EQUIPMENT, Don C. programs, 119-22, 129 Des Jarlais and Samuel R. Friedman, pretrial misconduct, 116, 117, 123-24 42-65 pretrial risk assessment, 113, 115-16 Amsterdam, legal access to drug injection program evaluations, 116-18, 123-25 equipment, 50-51 see also Hair testing; Urine testing Anglin, Douglas, 9 Drug treatment programs ANGLIN, M. DOUGLAS and THOMAS H. civil commitment for compulsory treatment, MAUGH II, Ensuring Success in Inter- 78-79, 94, 97 ventions with Drug-Using Offenders, 66- cocaine treatment programs, 72-76 90 detoxification programs, 69, 94 effectiveness of coercive programs, 76-78 Caulkins, Jonathan, 10 effectiveness for juveniles, 38-39 CAULKiNS, JONATHAN P., see KLEIMAN, guidelines for criminal-justice-system-based MARK A. R., coauthor drug treatment programs, 83-88 Cocaine, in utero exposure to, 11-27 identification and selection of offenders for environmental factors, effect on sequelae of treatment, 83, 84, 86 cocaine exposure, 19-21, 26-27 methadone maintenance, 69-70, 89, 94, 173 methodology in assessing effects of cocaine, Minnesota Model, 73-74, 102 21-24, 27 outpatient drug-free treatment, 71 treatment programs, see Drug treatment therapeutic communities, 71, 94 programs, cocaine treatment programs Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC), 80-81, 95, 96 Dembo, Richard, 9 Drug use DEMBO, RICHARD, LINDA WILLIAMS, and and crime and delinquency, 32-33, 67, 105, JAMES SCHMEIDLER, Drug Abuse 114 among Juvenile Detainees, 28-41 and physical and sexual abuse of youths, Des Jarlais, Don, 9 33-34 DES JARLAIS, DON C. and SAMUEL R. and problematic behaviors of youths, 29-31 FRIEDMAN, AIDS and Legal Access to Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 92, 105- Sterile Drug Injection Equipment, 42-65 7, 130, 169, 173 DRUG ABUSE AMONG JUVENILE DE- DuPont, Robert, 9 TAINEES, Richard Dembo, Linda Wil- DuPONT, ROBERT L. and ERIC D. WISH, liams, and James Schmeidler, 28-41 Operation Tripwire Revisited, 91-111 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 96, 169, 173 Edinburgh, legal access to drug injection equip- Drug control policy, source country programs ment, 52 assessment of long-term effectiveness, 157- ENSURING SUCCESS IN INTERVEN- 61 TIONS WITH DRUG-USING OFFEND- crop substitution, 158 ERS, M. Douglas Anglin and Thomas H. eradication, 156-57 Maugh II, 66-90 land buy-out, 159 Evaluation research, 175-88 refinery destruction, 160 communication with policymakers, 184-85 232 INDEX 233 fact finding, 178-79 Innsbruck, legal access to drug injection equip- guidelines for utilization, 179-80 ment, 57 jargon-free format, 186-87 policy rationale for research, 185 Kleiman, Mark, 10 policy recommendations, 178-79 KLEIMAN, MARK A. R. and JONATHAN P. sensitivity to fiscal considerations, 188 CAULKINS, Heroin Policy for the Next timely products, 185-86 Decade, 163-74 Fetal growth, and prenatal cocaine exposure, Legal access to drug injection equipment 14-15 bleach distribution, 59-60 Friedman, Samuel, 9 opposition to legal access, 45-46, 64 FRIEDMAN, SAMUEL R., see DES JARLAIS, over-the-counter sales, 44-45, 50-51, 52, 55, 56 DON C., coauthor program design and evaluation methods, 46- 49, 61 Hair testing program evaluations, Amsterdam, 50-51 commercialization of, 142 program evaluations, Edinburgh, 52 criticism of, 138-42 program evaluations, Innsbruck, 57 evolvement of, 135-37 program evaluations, New Haven, 61-62 Food and Drug Administration policy guide program evaluations, New York, 58 on, 147-49 program evaluations, Paris, 56 of offenders, 110 program evaluations, San Francisco, 60-61 techniques and advantages of, 137-38 program evaluations, Sweden, 55 utility of, assessment of, 144-46 program evaluations, Sydney, Australia, 55-56 see also Drug testing program evaluations, Tacoma, Washington, Heroin epidemic, prevention of 58-59 increasing costs, 170-71 program evaluations, United Kingdom, 52-55 education, 172-73 syringe-exchange programs, 44-45, 50-51, retail-level enforcement, 171 52, 53, 55-56, 57-58, 58-59, 61 treatment services, 173 syringe vending machines, 54 see also Heroin use Legalization of illicit drugs, public attitudes, HEROIN POLICY FOR THE NEXT DECADE, 101, 103, 109 Mark A. R. Kleiman and Jonathan P. Caul- LIMITS AND CONSEQUENCES OF USS. kins, 163-74 FOREIGN DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS, Heroin supply analyses, 165-67 THE, Peter Reuter, 151-62 Heroin use Lipton, Douglas, 10 difficulties in measurement, 169 LIPTON, DOUGLAS S., How to Maximize Uti- expected harm, 167-68 lization of Evaluation Research by Policy- indicators of increasing number of new users, makers, 175-88 170 measurement design, 173-74 Maugh, Thomas, 9 replacement effects, 169-70 MAUGH, THOMAS H., II, see ANGLIN, M. Vietnam veterans, 96, 97 DOUGLAS, coauthor see also Heroin epidemic, prevention of Mayes, Linda, 9 HOW TO MAXIMIZE UTILIZATION OF MAYES, LINDA C., Prenatal Cocaine Exposure EVALUATION RESEARCH BY POLI- and Young Children’s Development, 11-27 CYMAKERS, Douglas S. Lipton, 175-88 Mieczkowski, Tom, 9 Human immunodeficiency virus, see AIDS and MIECZKOWSKI, TOM, New Approaches in HIV infection Drug Testing: A Review of Hair Analysis, 132-50 Infants’ neurological and neurobehavioral abnormalities NEW APPROACHES IN DRUG TESTING: A cocaine exposure and, 15-18 REVIEW OF HAIR ANALYSIS, Tom opiate exposure and, 20 Mieczkowski, 132-50 234 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY New Haven, legal access to drug injection Sweden, legal access to drug injection equip- equipment, 61-62 ment, 55 New York, legal access to drug injection equip- Sydney, Australia, legal access to drug injec- ment, 58 tion equipment, 55-56 Operation Tripwire, 92, 98-100 Tacoma, Washington, legal access to drug in- OPERATION TRIPWIRE REVISITED, Rob- jection equipment, 58-59 ert L. DuPont and Eric D. Wish, 91-111 United Kingdom, legal access to drug injection Paris, legal access to drug injection equipment, equipment, 52-55 56 Urine testing Policymakers’ perceptions of military personnel, 104 of factors determining policy decisions, 182- of offenders, 38, 99, 105-6 84 in the private sector, 104 of objectivity of evaluation research and eval- techniques and limitations of, 134-35 uators, 180-82 of relevance of evaluation research, 182-84 Visher, Christy, 9 PRENATAL COCAINE EXPOSURE AND VISHER, CHRISTY A., Pretrial Drug Testing: YOUNG CHILDREN’S DEVELOP- Panacea or Pandora’s Box? 112-31 MENT, Linda C. Mayes, 11-27 PRETRIAL DRUG TESTING: PANACEA OR Williams, Linda, 9 PANDORA’S BOX? Christy A. Visher, WILLIAMS, LINDA, see DEMBO, RICHARD, 112-31 coauthor WISH, ERIC D., Preface, 8-10 Radioimmunoassay (RIA), 134, 136, 147-48 WISH, ERIC D., see DuPONT, ROBERT L., Reuter, Peter, 10 coauthor REUTER, PETER, The Limits and Conse- quences of U.S. Foreign Drug Control Youths, high-risk Efforts, 151-62 assessment of needs for, by juvenile justice system, 35-36 San Francisco, legal access to drug injection community treatment services for, 36-38 equipment, 60-61 coordination of service agencies for, 39-40 Schmeidler, James, 9 early intervention services for, 35 SCHMEIDLER, JAMES, see DEMBO, RICH- family background of, 30-31 ARD, coauthor social and school adjustment by, 30-31