The Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxons James Campbell Eric John Patrick Wormald General Editor : James Campbell With contributions Jrom P. V. Addyman, S. Chadwick Hawkes, D. A. Hinton, M. K. Lawson, D. M. Metcalf Cornell/Phaidon Books CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca, New York Acknowledgements The publishers would like to thank the following for permission n o; Dr Uwe Muuss, p. 121 (3) (FH 774-151); National to reproduce photographs and works in their possession Monuments Record, 4, 38, 49, 73, pp. 74-5 (1, 3, 4), 80, 83, (numbers refer to figure numbers) : 84, 86, 87, 94, 103, 108, 109, 116, 145, 150, 151, 152, A. C. L. Brussels, 113; Society of Antiquaries, 177; Society of p. 153 (5). P- 163 (3, 4), 195, 201, 207; National Monuments Antiquaries/K. Branigan, 13; P. A. Barker, University of Record/W. A. Baker, 2 ; Norfolk Archaeological Unit of the Birmingham, 40; BBC Publications, 173; British Tourist Norfolk Museums Service (photo D. A. Edwards), p. 174 (1); Authority, 206; British Museum Publications Ltd, 137; Norfolk Museums Service, 20, 21, 28, 32, 68; Northampton Cambridge University Aerial Photograph Collection, 12, 58, Development Corporation, 104; Oslo, University Museum of 61, 100, p. 121 (2), p. 153 (3); Camelot Research Committee, National Antiquities, 140, 141, 174; Documentation photo­ 15; Canterbury Archaeological Trust, 99; Peter Clayton, 11; graphique de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris, 181; The Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Public Record Office (Crown Copyright reserved), p. 227 (3, 4) ; 45, p. 158 (3); Courtauld Institute of Art, Conway Library, P. Rahtz, University of York, 162; Royal Commission on 115, 172; R. J. Cramp, University of Durham (photos T. Ancient and Historical Monuments, Scotland, 89; Scottish Middlemass), 66, p. 74 (2); University of Durham, Department Development Department, 17; P. Snelgrove, 67; G. Speake, of Archaeology, p. 75 (6) (photo T. Middlemass), p. 75 (7), 90; p. 48 (3) ; The President and Fellows of St Johns College, Oxford, East Sussex County Council, Presentation Section, p. 235 (1); 198 ; The Master and Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 209 ; Department of the Environment (Crown Copyright), 3, 10; Turners of Newcastle, i ; By courtesy of the Dean and Chapter Peter Heppel, p. 171 (4); M. Holford, 60, & jacket photograph; of Westminster, p. 226 (1); R. L. Wilkins, Institute of Archae­ W. A. How, 178; W. T. Jones (Mucking), 19, 59; Kremsmün­ ology, Oxford, 23, p. 25 (2, 3, 4), pp. 48-9 (1, 4, 5, 6, 7); ster Cathedral Chapter (photo Elfriede Mejchar), 102; Lincoln Winchester Research Unit, p. 175 (3); Reece Winstone, 136; Archaeological Trust, 55; Martion-Sabon/© Arch. Phot. Woodmansterne Ltd, 111 ; York Archaeological Trust, Paris/S.P.A.D.E.M., 47; Studio Maurice Chemin, Mortain, pp. 166-7 (ï (P- V. Addyman), 2-5 (M. S. Duffy)). © 1982 by Phaidon Press Limited, Oxford HALF-TITLE ILLUSTRATION The Liudhard ‘medalet’ (cf. fig. 42). One of half-a-dozen varied coin­ All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, ornaments of the late 6th century said to be from the churchyard of St this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any Martin’s, Canterbury—presumably a necklace from a grave. The form without permission in writing from the publisher. retrograde inscription, around an imperial portrait of Constantinian For information address Cornell University Press, inspiration, has been read as LEU-DAR-DVS-EPS. The first two 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850. symbols are rune-like. Bishop Liudhard, who was Queen Bertha's First published 1982 by Cornell University Press episcopal chaplain, used St Martin’s Church. International Standard Book Number 0-8014-1482-2 FRONTISPIECE Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-70710 Relief sculpture, probably 8th century, in the church of St Filmset in Great Britain by BAS Printers Limited, Over Wallop Kyneburgha, Castor, Cambs. It is possibly from a sarcophagus Printed and bound in Spain by Graficromo, S.A. (cf. figs. 103, 107-9). Contents Preface 7 CHAPTER ONE The End of Roman Britain 8 James Campbell CHAPTER TWO The Lost Centuries : 400-600 20 James Campbell CHAPTER THREE The First Christian Kings 45 James Campbell CHAPTER FOUR The Age of Bede and Aethelbald 70 Patrick Wormald CHAPTER FIVE The Age of Off a and Alcuin 101 Patrick Wormald CHAPTER SIX The Ninth Century I32 Patrick Wormald CHAPTER SEVEN The Age of Edgar 160 Eric John CHAPTER EIGHT The Return of the Vikings 192 Eric John CHAPTER NINE The End of Anglo-Saxon England 214 Eric John CHAPTER TEN Epilogue 240 James Campbell Notes 247 Bibliography 258 Index 267