The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland., by John Evans This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland. Author: John Evans Release Date: September 19, 2016 [EBook #53092] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT BRONZE *** Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: —Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected. —Huge tables at pages 460 to 463 have been rendered as illustration. —The transcriber of this project created the book cover image using the front cover of the original book. The image is placed in the public domain. [i] THE ANCIENT BRONZE IMPLEMENTS, WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS, OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. [ii] [iii] THE ANCIENT BRONZE IMPLEMENTS, WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS, OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. BY JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., Pres. Num. Soc., &c. LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 1881. (All rights reserved.) LONDON PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED CITY ROAD. [iv] [v] PREFACE. The work which is now presented to the public has unfortunately been many years in progress, as owing to various occupations, both private and public, the leisure at my command has been but small, and it has been only from time to time, often at long intervals, that I have been able to devote a few hours to its advancement. During this slow progress the literature of the subject, especially on the Continent, has increased in an unprecedentedly rapid manner, and I have had great difficulty in at all keeping pace with it. I have, however, done my best, both by reading and travel, to keep myself acquainted with the discoveries that were being made and the theories that were being broached with regard to bronze antiquities, whether abroad or at home, and I hope that so far as facts are concerned, and so far as relates to the present state of information on the subject, I shall not be found materially wanting. Of course in a work which treats more especially of the bronze antiquities of the British Islands, I have not felt bound to enlarge more than was necessary for the sake of comparison on the corresponding antiquities of other countries. I have, however, in all cases pointed out such analogies in form and character as seemed to me of importance as possibly helping to throw light on the source whence our British bronze civilisation was derived. It may by some be thought that a vast amount of useless trouble has been bestowed in figuring and describing so many varieties of what were after all in most cases the ordinary tools of the artificer, or the common arms of the warrior or huntsman, which differed from each other only in apparently unimportant particulars. But as in biological studies minute anatomy often affords the most trustworthy evidence as to the descent of any given organism from some earlier form of life, so these minor details in the form and character of ordinary implements, which to the cursory observer appear devoid of meaning, may, to a skilful archæologist, afford valuable clues by which the march of the bronze civilisation over Europe may be traced to its original starting-place. I am far from saying that this has as yet been satisfactorily accomplished, and to my mind it will only be by accumulating a far larger mass of facts than we at present possess that comparative archæology will be able to triumph over the difficulties with which its path is still beset. Much is, however, being done, and I trust that so far as the British Isles are concerned, the facts which I have here collected and the figures which I have caused to be engraved will at all events form a solid foundation on which others may be able to build. So long ago as 1876 I was able to present to the foreign archæologists assembled at Buda-Pest for the International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology and Anthropology, a short abstract of this work in the shape of my Petit Album de l’âge du Bronze de la Grande Bretagne, which I have reason to believe has been found of some service. At that time my friend the late Sir William Wilde was still alive, and as the bronze antiquities of Ireland appeared to be especially under his charge, I had not regarded them as falling within the scope of my book. After his lamented death there was, however, no possibility of interfering with his labours, by my including the bronze antiquities of the sister country with those of England, Wales, and Scotland in the present work, and I accordingly enlarged my original plan. In carrying out my undertaking I have followed the same method as in my work on the “Ancient Stone Implements, &c., of Great Britain;” and it will be found that what I may term the dictionary and index of bronze antiquities is printed in smaller type than the more general descriptive and historical part of the book. I have in fact offered those who take an ordinary interest in archæological inquiry without wishing to be burdened with minute details a broad hint as to what they may advantageously skip. To the specialist and the local antiquary the portion printed in smaller type will be found of use, if only as giving references to other works in which the more detailed accounts of local discoveries are given. These references, thanks to members of my own family, have been carefully checked, and the accuracy of all the original figures for this work, engraved for me with conscientious care by Mr. Swain, of Bouverie Street, may, I think, be relied on. To the councils of several of our learned societies, and especially to those of the Societies of Antiquaries of London and Edinburgh, the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Archæological Institute, and the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland, I am much [vi] [vii] indebted for the loan of woodcuts and for other assistance. I have also to thank the trustees and curators of many local museums, as well as the owners of various private collections, for allowing me to figure specimens, and for valuable information supplied. My warmest thanks are, however, due to Mr. Augustus W. Franks, F.R.S., and Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., not only for assistance in the matter of illustrations, but for most kindly undertaking the task of reading my proofs. I must also thank Mr. Joseph Anderson, the accomplished keeper of the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, and Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., of Cork, for having revised those portions of the work which relate to Scotland and Ireland. The Index has been carefully compiled by my sister, Mrs. Hubbard. As was the case with those of my “Ancient Stone Implements,” and “Ancient British Coins,” it is divided into two parts; the one referring generally to the subject matter of the book, and the other purely topographical. The advantages of such a division in a book of this character are obvious. In conclusion, I venture to prefer the request that any discoveries of new types of instruments or of deposits of bronze antiquities may be communicated to me. John Evans. Nash Mills, Hemel Hempsted, March, 1881. [viii] [ix] CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. PAGE The Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age in America— Scriptural Notices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron in ancient Egypt—Bronze in ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece —Bronzes among other ancient Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy— Disputes as to the three Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The Preservation of ancient Iron 1 CHAPTER II. CELTS. Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures as to the Use of Celts—Opinions of modern Writers 27 CHAPTER III. FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS. Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts in Barrows—Those ornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those from Arreton Down—And from Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat Celts found in Scotland— Decorated Scottish Specimens—Flat Celts found in Ireland—Decorated Irish Specimens—Character of their Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops 39 CHAPTER IV. WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES. Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties of Winged Celts— Transitional Forms—Palstaves with Ornaments on Face—With Central Rib on the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves —With Ribs on Blade—With Shield-like Ornaments—With Vertical Ribs on Blade—With semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstaves imitated from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves —Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with Transverse Edge—Comparison with Continental Forms 70 CHAPTER V. SOCKETED CELTS. Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from Palstaves—With “Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, with a Beading round the Mouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs ending in Pellets—With Ribs and Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and Ring Ornaments—Variously ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop on one Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Found in Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native Manufacture in Britain—Those formed of Iron 107 CHAPTER VI. METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS. The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their Hafts, as seen in Barrows—Hafting after the manner of Axes—Socketed Celts used as Hatchets —Hafted Celt found at Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts in some instances mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—Hafting Celts as Chisels 146 CHAPTER VII. CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS. Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with Lugs at sides—Socketed Chisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish Hammers—Method of Hafting Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files almost unknown in Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in Ornamenting—Awls, Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls used in Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks 165 CHAPTER VIII. SICKLES. [x] Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With Sockets—Sickles found in Scotland and Ireland—Found on the Continent 194 CHAPTER IX. KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC. The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved Knives—Knives with broad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of peculiar Types—Double-edged Razors—Scottish and Irish Razors—Continental Forms 204 CHAPTER X. DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES. Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method of Hafting Daggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with Gold—Hilts with numerous Rivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five or six Rivets—Knife-Daggers from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers with Ornamented Blades—With Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shaped Blades—Rapiers with Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapiers with Ox-horn and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades 222 CHAPTER XI. TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES. Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with Socket—Scandinavian and German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish Halberds—Copper Blades less brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish Form—Scottish Halberds—English and Welsh Halberds—The Form known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval 257 CHAPTER XII. LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS. Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur with Interments in Scandinavia—The Roman Sword—British Swords—Disputes as to their Age —Hilts proportional to Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—With many Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of Sword on Italian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities where found— Comparison with Continental Types—Swords found in Scotland—In Ireland— In France—Swords with Hilts of Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental Types—Early Iron Swords 273 CHAPTER XIII. SCABBARDS AND CHAPES. Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends of Sword- Sheaths or Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and Ireland—Spiked Chapes —Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on Sword-Hilts 301 CHAPTER XIV. SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC. Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the Midrib—Ornamented on the Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From Ireland—Decorated on the Blade— With Loops at the Base of the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near the Point— With Openings in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—With Lunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules for Spear-shafts —African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early Iron Spear-heads 310 CHAPTER XV. SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS. Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With Concentric Rings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England and Wales—Wooden Bucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze Helmets—Their Date 343 CHAPTER XVI. TRUMPETS AND BELLS. Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The Dowris Hoard —Riveted Trumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets found in England— Bells found in Ireland 357 CHAPTER XVII. PINS. Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular Heads—Those of large Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental Expanded Heads—From Scotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult to determine 365 CHAPTER XVIII. [xi] TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon Torques—Those of the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques and Bracelets—Bracelets engraved with Patterns—Beaded and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends —Late Celtic Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled Rings found with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads of Tin—Of Glass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain 374 CHAPTER XIX. CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped Sockets and Tubes— Possibly Clasps—Perforated Rings forming a kind of Brooch—Rings used in Harness—Brooches—Late Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops —Perforated Discs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of Uncertain Use—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals 396 CHAPTER XX. VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC. Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in Barrows—Caldrons found in Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited in their Manufacture 407 CHAPTER XXI. METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE. Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of Tin and Copper —Analyses of Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper and Lumps of Metal—Tin discovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of Tin—Methods of Casting—Moulds of Stone for Celts, Palstaves, Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds of Bronze for Palstaves and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges —Moulds found in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets or Runners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments for Use—Rubbers and Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and Sharpening the Edges 415 CHAPTER XXII. CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE. Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period into Stages—The Evidence of Hoards—Their different Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’— Lists of Principal Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from Bronze to Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs of the Period—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze Civilisation— Suggested Provinces of Bronze—The Britannic Province—Comparison of British and Continental Types—Foreign Influences in Britain—Its Commercial Relations—Imported Ornaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age —General Summary 455 [xii] [xiii] WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS. The references are to the original sources of such cuts as have not been engraved expressly for this book. CHAPTER III. FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS. FIG. PAGE 1. Cyprus 40 2. Butterwick 41 3. Moot Low 44 Llew. Jewitt, F.S.A., “Grave Mounds,” fig. 187. 4. Yorkshire 45 5. Weymouth 46 6. Read 47 7. Suffolk 48 8. Arreton Down 49 Archæologia, vol. xxxvi. p. 329. 9. Plymstock 50 10. ” 50 Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. 11. Thames 52 12. Norfolk 52 13. Dorsetshire 53 14. Lewes 53 Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167. 15. Ely 53 16. Barrow 54 17. Liss 54 18. Rhosnesney 55 19. Drumlanrig 56 20. Lawhead 57 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105. 21. Nairn 58 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. ii. N.S. 22. Falkland 59 23. Greenlees 59 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601. 24. Perth 60 25. Applegarth 60 26. Dams 61 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120. 27. Ballinamallard 61 28. North of Ireland 62 29. Ireland 62 30. Tipperary 62 Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410. 31. Ireland 63 32. Connor 64 33. Clontarf 65 34. Ireland 65 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 248. 35. Ireland 66 36. Trim 66 37. Ireland 66 38. ” 66 39. Punched patterns 67 40. ” ” 67 41. ” ” 67 42. ” ” 67 43. ” ” 67 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” figs. 286 to 290. 44. Armoy 68 45. Ireland 68 46. ” 69 47. ” 69 CHAPTER IV. WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES. 48. Icelandic Palstave 71 49. ” ” 71 Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 74. 50. Wigton 73 51. Chollerford Bridge 74 52. Chatham 74 53. Burwell Fen 75 54. Bucknell 75 55. Culham 75 56. Reeth 76 57. Dorchester 76 58. Colwick 77 59. Barrington 78 60. Harston 78 61. Shippey 79 62. Severn 80 63. Sunningwell 80 64. Weymouth 82 65. Burwell Fen 82 66. East Harnham 83 67. Burwell Fen 83 68. Thames 84 69. Stibbard 84 70. Irthington 85 71. North Owersby 85 72. Bonn 85 73. Dorchester 87 74. Wallingford 88 75. Stanton Harcourt 88 76. Brassington 89 77. Bath 89 78. Oldbury Hill 90 79. Ross 91 80. Honington 91 81. Ely 92 82. Bottisham 92 83. Nettleham 93 Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 160. 84. Cambridge 93 85. Carlton Rode 94 86. Penvores 96 87. West Buckland 96 Arch. Journ., vol. xxxvii. p. 107. 88. Bryn Crûg 96 89. Andalusia 97 Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 69. 90. Burreldale Moss 98 91. Balcarry 98 92. Pettycur 99 Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 377. 93. Ireland 100 94. ” 100 95. ” 101 96. North of Ireland 101 97. Lanesborough 101 98. Trillick 102 99. Ireland 102 100. ” 102 101. ” 102 102. ” 103 103. ” 103 104. ” 103 105. Miltown 104 106. Ireland 105 107. ” 105 108. ” 105 109. Ballymena 105 CHAPTER V. SOCKETED CELTS. 110. High Roding 109 111. Dorchester, Oxon 109 112. Wilts 110 113. Harty 110 114. ” 111 115. Dorchester, Oxon 111 116. Reach Fen 112 117. ” ” 112 118. Canterbury 114 119. Usk 114 120. Alfriston 115 121. Cambridge Fens 116 [xiv] 122. High Roding 116 123. Chrishall 117 124. Reach Fen 117 125. Barrington 117 126. Mynydd-y-Glas 119 127. Stogursey 120 128. Guildford 120 129. Frettenham 120 130. Ely 121 131. Caston 121 132. Carlton Rode 122 133. Fornham 122 134. Fen Ditton 123 135. Bottisham 123 136. Winwick 123 137. Kingston 124 138. Cayton Carr 124 139. Lakenheath 125 140. Thames 125 141. Kingston 125 142. ” 126 143. Thames 127 144. Givendale 127 145. Cambridge 127 146. Blandford 127 147. Ireland (?) 128 148. Barrington 128 149. Hounslow 128 150. Wallingford 128 151. Newham 129 152. Westow 130 153. Wandsworth 130 Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 378. 154. Whittlesea 130 155. Nettleham 132 Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 160. 156. Croker Collection 132 157. Nettleham 132 Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 160. 158. Ulleskelf 132 159. Reach Fen 133 160. Carlton Rode 133 161. Arras 134 162. Bell’s Mills 135 “Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.” 163. North Knapdale 136 164. Bell’s Mills 136 165. ” ” 136 “Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.” 166. Leswalt 137 Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 11. 167. Ireland 138 168. ” 138 169. Belfast 139 170. Ireland 139 171. ” 139 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 280. 172. Athboy 140 173. Meath 140 174. Ireland 140 175. Newtown Crommolin 141 176. North of Ireland 141 177. Ireland 141 178. ” 142 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 275. 179. Kertch 142 Arch. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 91. CHAPTER VI. METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS. 180. Stone Axe of Montezuma II. 148 181. Aymara Stone Hatchet 148 182. Modern African Axe of Iron 149 183. Stone Axe, Robenhausen 150 184. Bronze Axe, Hallein 152 185. Raron, Brigue 154 186. Edenderry 155 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 257. 187. Chiusi 156 188. Winwick 158 189. Everley 163 [xv] CHAPTER VII. CHISELS, GOUGES, AND OTHER TOOLS. 190. Plymstock 166 Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. 191. Heathery Burn 166 192. Glenluce 166 192*. Carlton Rode 167 193. Wallingford 168 194. Reach Fen 168 195. Thixendale 168 196. Yattendon 169 197. Broxton 169 198. Scotland 170 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 613. 199. Ireland 170 200. Carlton Rode 171 201. Westow 172 202. Heathery Burn Cave 172 203. Carlton Rode 173 204. Thorndon 174 205. Harty 174 206. Undley 175 207. Carlton Rode 175 208. Tay 175 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. p. 127. 209. Ireland 176 210. Thorndon 178 211. Harty 178 212. ” 178 213. Carlton Rode 178 214. Taunton 178 215. Ireland 179 Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66. 216. Dowris 179 Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65. 217. Fresné la Mère 182 218. ” ” 182 219. Heathery Burn Cave 185 220. Harty 186 221. Reach Fen 186 222. Ebnall 186 Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66. 223. Upton Lovel 189 Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 466. 224. Thorndon 189 225. Butterwick 189 226. Bulford 190 Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 465. 227. Winterbourn Stoke 190 228. Wiltshire 191 Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 467. 229. Llangwyllog 192 230. Ireland 192 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 403. CHAPTER VIII. SICKLES. 231. Mœrigen 196 Arch. Journ., vol. xxx. p. 192. 232. Edington Burtle 197 233. ” ” 197 234. Thames 198 235. Near Bray 199 236. Near Errol, Perthshire 200 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 378. 237. Garvagh, Derry 200 238. Athlone 201 CHAPTER IX. KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC. 239. Wicken Fen 204 240. Thorndon 205 241. Reach Fen 205 242. Heathery Burn Cave 206 Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. 243. Kilgraston, Perthshire 206 244. Kells 207 245. Ireland 208 246. Moira 209 247. Fresné la Mère 209 248. Skye 209 Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 400. 249. Wester Ord 209 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. viii. p. 310. 250. Reach Fen 210 251. ” ” 210 252. Heathery Burn Cave 212 253. Harty 212 254. Ireland 212 255. Ballyclare 213 256. Reach Fen 213 257. Ballycastle 213 258. Ireland 213 259. Wigginton 214 260. Isle of Harty 214 261. Allhallows, Hoo 214 262. Cottle 215 Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301. 263. Reach Fen 216 264. Lady Low 216 265. Winterslow 216 266. Priddy 216 267. Balblair 217 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 476. 268. Rogart 217 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. x. p. 431. 269. Wallingford 218 270. Heathery Burn Cave 218 271. Dunbar 219 272. ” 219 273. ” 219 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. x. p. 440. 274. Ireland 219 Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 433. 275. Kinleith 220 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. p. 87. 276. Nidau 221 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. p. 91. CHAPTER X. DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES. 277. Roundway 223 278. Driffield 224 279. Butterwick 225 280. Helperthorpe 227 281. ” 227 282. Garton 228 Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 441. 283. Wilmslow 228 284. Hammeldon Down 229 285. Reach Fen 230 286. Allhallows, Hoo 230 287. Brigmilston 231 288. Leicester 231 289. Normanton 232 290. Roke Down 233 291. Ireland 235 292. Belleek 235 Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 196. 293. Ireland 235 294. Woodyates 236 295. Homington 237 296. Idmiston 237 297. Dow Low 239 298. Cleigh 239 Proc. Soc. Ant. Soc., vol. x. p. 84. 299. Collessie 239 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 440. 300. Musdin 240 301. Plymstock 240 Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346. 302. Winterbourn Stoke 240 303. Camerton 243 304. Cambridge 243 305. Magherafelt 245 Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 286. 306. Arreton Down 245 307. Kinghorn 245 308. Colloony 246 [xvi] 309. Ireland 246 Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.” fig. 347. 310. Kilrea 247 311. Thames 247 312. Thatcham 247 313. Coveney 249 314. Thames 249 315. Chatteris 251 316. Thetford 251 317. Londonderry 251 318. Lissane 252 Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 314. 319. Galbally 253 Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 197. 320. Tipperary 254 321. Ely 255 322. North of Ireland 255 323. Raphoe 255 CHAPTER XI. TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS, OR SPEAR- HEADS, HALBERDS AND MACES. 324. Arreton Down 258 325. Stratford le Bow 258 326. Matlock 259 327. Plymstock 259 Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 349. 328. Arreton Down 260 329. Årup 261 Montelius, “Sver. Forntid,” fig. 131. 330. China 262 331. Ireland 264 332. Cavan 266 333. Newtown Limavady 267 334. Ballygawley 267 335. Falkland 268 336. Stranraer 268 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 423. 337. Harbyrnrigge 269 338. Shropshire 269 339. Lidgate 271 Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 181. 340. Great Bedwin 271 Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 411. 341. Ireland 271 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 361. CHAPTER XII. LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS. 342. Battersea 278 343. Barrow 279 344. Newcastle 281 345. Wetheringsett 283 346. Tiverton 284 347. Kingston 284 348. Ely 286 349. River Cherwell 286 350. Lincoln 287 Proc. Soc. Ant., vol. ii. p. 199. 351. Whittingham 288 352. Brechin 288 353. Edinburgh 290 354. Newtown Limavady 292 355. Ireland 292 356. ” 292 357. ” 292 358. Muckno 294 359. ” 294 Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland, 3rd S., vol. i. p. 23. 360. Muckno 295 361. Mullylagan 295 Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 257. 362. Mullylagan 295 363. Ireland 296 Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 322. CHAPTER XIII. SCABBARDS AND CHAPES. 364. Isleworth 302 [xvii]