The ancestry of William Morris: the Worcester connection David Everett Most biographers of Morris, from Mackail onwards,1 concern themselves only brieXy with his ancestry, and one is inclined to conclude that Morris himself had few dealings with his parents’ families, either in the paternal or the maternal line. One is inevitably curious about a family background which seems shrouded in mystery. Investigating this background may possibly throw light on Morris’s most unusual and intriguing personality. The purpose of this essay is to do just that, utilising a genealogist’s methods and resources, which are expanding as a result of digitisation of original material, including some parish registers and local newspapers. Throughout, the aim is to rely as far as possible on primary sources. However, the extent to which this may help us better understand Mor- ris, will be for the reader to judge. A simpliWed family tree (Figure 1) is included, in order to help readers identify individual members of the Morris family more easily. Extensive research in Worcester has failed to substantiate reported connec- tions of Morris’s father (William Morris senior) with that city. In a letter to Have- lock Ellis,Morris wrote ‘My father and mother both came from Worcester. My father’s father was Welsh, I believe and my mother’s mother also. My name is very common along the border’. However, he did not claim that his father was a native of Worcester, and there is no evidence of his father’s baptism at any of the city’s churches. Moreover, although the surname Morris was common in Worcester, no other city records support the view that Morris’s father had established himself in the city. It is undeniable that the surname Morris is Welsh, as is Jenkins (that of his mother’s mother), but Welsh surnames are very common throughout England, and especially in border counties such as Herefordshire, Shropshire, Gloucester- shire, and to a similar extent Worcestershire. Morris’s pronouncements on the subject of his forebears are vague, and migration of the Morris family from Wales may have happened several generations earlier. What follows is therefore almost completely conWned to Morris’s maternal family. A parallel article also published in this issue (pp. 19–33) explores Morris’s paternal origins.2 34 the worcester connection s ri r o M n o t el h S a m m E of e e r y t mil a d f e W pli m Si – 1 e r u g Fi 35 the journal of william morris studies . summer 2014 i. morris’s parents Morris’s mother, Emma Shelton, married William Morris senior at the parish church of St Nicholas, Worcester on 27 July 1826,Emma being described as ‘of this parish’ and her bridegroom of ‘Edmund the King & Martyr in the city of London’. The couple are said to have become engaged in 1824, at which time their portraits were painted by T. Wheeler (See Figure 1, this volume, p. 26), presum- ably the miniaturist based in London who exhibited at the Royal Academy forty- nine times between 1817 and 1845, and whose services, one imagines, would have been greatly in demand. Although Emma was only nineteen in 1824, the Shelton family was numerous, and it is very likely that a close relative was already living in the London area and was able to chaperone her. A marriage between the Sheltons and the Morrises was apparently regarded as a natural arrangement, the families having some similar previous connection, but the absence of detail rules out any further research in that direction. This matter is discussed further below.3 William Morris senior applied for a licence to marry in Worcester. The sworn document supporting his application (known as a marriage allegation) reveals that at the time he was a widower: the name of his Wrst wife is not known. As in 1818 he was twenty-one years old, this leaves six years before the certain date of his engagement to Emma Shelton. One possibility therefore is a marriage at St James’, Clerkenwell, London, on 2 November 1822 of William Morris to Jane Dennis of St Clement Danes. One of the three witnesses was William Dennis, possibly the bride’s father. A Jane Morris was buried at St Mary’s, Paddington Green on 28 May 1823, aged 26, her address being Bath Street, St Lukes, Mid- dlesex. However, it cannot be stated with any certainty that this is the same per- son. Further research into Morris’s male line needs to be pursued in the London records.4 2. the shelton siblings Morris’s mother Emma was the youngest child of Joseph and Mary Shelton. Each of their children was baptised at the parish church of St Nicholas, Worcester. The two eldest, Joseph and Mary Louisa, died in infancy. The remaining children were baptised thus: 11 July 1793 Caroline 27 February 1795 Henry Hammond 36 the worcester connection 4 February 1798 Ann 24 November 1799 Harvey 8 July 1801 Eliza 27 May 1805 Emma Morris’s mother Emma was therefore the youngest, and lived to a great age. It seems likely that she would have made an eVort to keep in touch with some of her siblings, particularly after her husband’s early death in 1847. The only direct contact Morris himself seems to have achieved is during the 1850s when he visited his aunts.5 Caroline, the eldest Shelton sibling, remained unmarried until well into her forties. Bentley’s Worcestershire Directory (ca 1841, but no doubt compiled over sev- eral years) records her under ‘milliners and dressmakers’ in Lich Street, Worces- ter, an area close to the cathedral, which consisted mainly of ancient but modest dwellings. (It was demolished during the 1960s in order to make way for a new shopping centre despite an outcry from John Betjeman and others). She had most probably been employed in this way since her youth. The earliest Worcester- shire County Directory (compiled by S. Lewis, 1820) lists under the same heading Shelton & Blandy at 86 High Street. These business premises would have been located at the south end of High Street, close to the Guildhall, and were probably a ‘superior’ establishment.6 However, on 3 September 1840, at St Peter’s church Worcester, and at the age of forty-seven, Caroline Shelton married the splendidly-named Morwent Baron, gent., son of Thomas Baron, gent., her address being given on the marriage certiWcate as Edgar Street. This is the short street leading up to the Edgar Tower, the imposing entrance to College Green, giving access to the cathedral cloisters. Her father’s occupation is shown as lay clerk. Baron was a solicitor, and obviously retired, as he was about twenty years older than his bride. This was to be a very short-lived marriage. A Worcester newspaper reported his death in 1846, still describing him as solicitor, and ‘late of Caerleon, Mon- mouthshire’. Caroline survived him by ten years, dying in 1856. Her death was not reported in the local newspaper. In the 1851 UK census she is again recorded as a dressmaker, with her niece Martha Parker, 34, a native of Usk, who can also be found as a dressmaker in the 1871 census, living with a member of the Blandy family. In the 1841 census, Martha appears as the eldest daughter of Isaac Parker, an auctioneer, in Church Street, Usk. During 1851, Caroline earned suYcient funds to employ one servant, but her late husband’s imposing name was not 37 the journal of william morris studies . summer 2014 matched by an opulent estate – he left no will and no assets. He came to public notice on one occasion in 1815, while living at Coleford, Gloucestershire, when he was convicted of the technical oVence of ‘uttering and negotiating a certain undertaking in writing, for the payment of a smaller sum than 20s’ against a recent Act intended to stop the circulation of notes or cheques for such small amounts. He was Wned £5.7 Caroline is not the only Shelton whose marriage prompts the question – ‘Why this particular partner?’ For example, Morwent Baron’s home at the time of the marriage was Monmouth, and hers Worcester. How well did they know each other, and what did they know of each other? Where did they meet? Baron was a widower, and described himself (and his father) as ‘gent’. Four witnesses signed the register, but none of them appears to have been a blood relative of the bride or the groom. Henry Hammond Shelton, the second sibling and Emma’s elder brother, often referred to simply as Henry, was a prominent member of the Worcester community. He served as a lay clerk at Worcester Cathedral from 1817/8 for a long period, though absent through illness from February 1844. He Wnally resigned in 1852, but continued to be paid a pension at the same rate as his stipend. He also resigned his post as organist at the parish church of St Nicholas, Worcester, which he had held for forty years. He put in his Wnal appearance at a parish Ves- try Meeting in April 1851, when his successor Jabez Jones was appointed. Since 1845 the rector of this church had been the celebrated W.H. Havergal, a fairly proliWc composer of hymns, and father of the even better-known Frances Ridley Havergal. Henry Hammond had also been active as a ‘music master’, and was listed as such in Lewis’s 1820 Directory of Worcestershire, where his address is given as 8, Barbourn Terrace. In 1797, an uncle, John Shelton, had married Mary Ann Hammond at the parish church of St John-in-Bedwardine (on the west bank of the Severn, now part of the city of Worcester), and it seems likely that there was an existing connection between the two families, prompting the choice of Henry Hammond’s second name. It is also worthy of note that a member of a Herefordshire branch of the Sheltons (born in Ledbury) was named John Ham- mond Shelton. He died at his home in the King’s Road, Chelsea [London] on 9 January 1867 after a long career as a cashier in the Bank of England.8 Henry Hammond was clearly highly thought of in Worcester. In January 1825 he was chosen to ‘open’ the new organ at St John’s (St John-in-Bedwardine), where hymns and anthems were sung by the choir of the cathedral, and the col- lection earmarked to assist with purchase of the instrument. His musical talents were not limited to the organ, however, and he sang at Three Choirs Festivals in Worcester in 1821, 1824 and 1827, and also at amateur concerts in the city, earning praise in the local press for his performance of ‘La mia Dorabella’ from Cosi fan tutte in an amateur concert in 1832. Moreover, he was a member of a vocal quartet 38 the worcester connection hired for some fairly prestigious events, including a meeting of the newly-formed Evesham corporation in 1833.9 Henry Hammond married Maria Trehearn with the consent of her parents (she was a minor) at the parish church of St James, Bath, Somerset, on 14 April 1819. They produced two children, Henry Richard, baptised 29 January 1820, and Maria Charlotte, 12 March 1821, both at Claines parish church. Maria died aged twenty-four, and was buried at St James, Bath in April 1823.10 Henry Richard Shelton Wrst came to public notice when, as a thirteen year old, he was commended by a local newspaper for alerting the rest of his family to a Wre which had broken out in their home. He subsequently joined the Indian Army, rising through the ranks to Colonel. In 1843, it was reported that ‘Ensign Shelton, of the Indian Army, son of Mr H.H. Shelton of this city, has been promoted to a Lieutenancy in the 48th Light Infantry, late a native regiment, in succession to Lieutenant and brevet Captain Dewar, removed to the 37th. Ensign Shelton has been attached to the division under General Nott during the whole of the AVghanistan war, and was concerned in the second siege of Ghuznee, at Canda- har, and Khelat-i-Ghilzie, in the forcing of the Khyber Pass, and other successful operations’. In 1844, his promotion to the Adjutancy of the 38th Regiment was reported. There is no further mention until 1862, when we learn that ‘Captain Henry Richard Shelton had been promoted to the rank of major in the company in which he has long served’.11 Henry Hammond and Maria Shelton’s daughter Maria Charlotte married Henry Russell, Esq., of the 7th Regiment, NI [Northern India?] at Julundhur on 23 November 1848. The event was reported in a Worcester newspaper, the origi- nal source being the Delhi Gazette. Further information is recorded below.12 On 13 December 1825, two and a half years after the death of Maria, Henry Hammond married Elizabeth SaVery, a native of Canterbury, Kent, at Whitting- ton, a chapelry of the parish of St Peter’s, Worcester. His sister Emma was one of the witnesses, as well as his younger brother Harvey and two female members of the d’Egville family, Mary and Matilda, doubtless related to the well-known (and prosperous) dancing-master Louis (sometimes written Lewis) Harvey (some- times written Hervey or Hervet) d’Egville – a family prominent in Worcester’s musical life. Henry Hammond’s local status is indicated by his presidency of a local Masonic Lodge, and his election as one of the two Assessors involved in compiling the burgess roll for the city (1836 and 1837), the other being a local solicitor. No doubt he would have made an even greater mark on local society had it not been for his poor health. He and his new wife moved into increasingly well-appointed houses, from 12, The Tything, to 8, Albany Terrace and then 9, St George’s Square.13 Henry Hammond’s second marriage was childless. His wife Elizabeth came from a musical family (in 1843, the death of her uncle Osmond SaVery ‘formerly 39 the journal of william morris studies . summer 2014 an eminent professor of music’ in Ramsgate, Kent, was reported in a Worcester newspaper), and was even more well-known in Worcester than her husband. During the 1840s, she ran her own business selling pianofortes, but sold it to Jabez Jones in April 1847, ‘in consequence of an increase in her professional engagements’. Jones subsequently succeeded Henry Hammond as organist at St Nicholas’ church, and was a prominent member of the Worcester Glee Club, founded in 1809 or 1810. Prominent members of this club included from 1850 the father and uncle of the composer Edward Elgar. Like the SaVerys, the Elgars were originally from Kent.14 In her numerous advertisements in the local newspapers, Elizabeth styled herself ‘Mrs Henry Shelton’. As a businesswoman, she was clearly ambitious; she advertised visits to ‘Town’ (London), inviting potential customers to specify their needs so that she could place suitable orders with dealers. She was quite happy to trade in used instruments as well as new, including one which had been played by her teacher Henri Herz (a piano virtuoso and composer who enjoyed consid- erable fame in his heyday, referred to in the Morning Post as the ‘Paganini of the pianoforte’, and some time professor at the Paris Conservatoire). From 1842, she also oVered for sale Wheatstone’s Patent Concertinas, still advertised as ‘a new musical instrument’ six years later, and one of the few instruments considered suitable for female performers. It is unclear when the original model was intro- duced, but a second patent (for an improved version) was obtained in February 1844. Elizabeth’s eVorts were, it seems, directed to keeping Worcester up to date with the latest musical developments. Her shop, or ‘music room’, as she preferred to call it, was ‘adjoining the Star Hotel’ in Foregate Street, formerly the Star and Garter, but recently re-named the ‘Whitehouse’.15 ‘Mrs Henry Shelton’ also gave music lessons, privately and in classes, some- times travelling to north Worcestershire for pupils located in Kidderminster, Stourport, Hartlebury, Droitwich and elsewhere. In 1836 she even placed an advertisement in a London newspaper, addressing herself to governesses, advis- ing them that she was oVering a vacancy to anyone ‘who may be desirous of improving herself in Music, to reside with her during the ensuing vacation’. Applications were to be sent to her at 389 High Street, Cheltenham.16 As Henry Hammond was at that time both lay clerk at Worcester Cathedral and organist at St Nicholas church, Worcester, one wonders whether he too was staying in Cheltenham at holiday time (neglecting his duties, possibly), or whether Eliza- beth was free to take time oV in Cheltenham on her own. It is unknown, for that matter, whether her business trips to London were accompanied or not. Elizabeth’s commitments were clearly very demanding, and in May 1844, an advertisement in the local press indicated that she had relinquished some of her pupils living at a distance, and could therefore increase her engagements [in the city]. She was also involved in organising local concerts, occasionally in person. 40 the worcester connection Some of these involved well-known performers, including her teacher Henri Herz (see above), and another piano virtuoso named Thalberg. She also featured as pianist herself. In 1835 a long account of ‘Mrs Henry Shelton’s Concert’ at the Worcester Guildhall, appeared in a Worcester newspaper, where an audience of around three hundred and Wfty enjoyed the Wrst appearance in the city of Henri Herz, ‘in turns delighting and astonishing his auditors by the brilliancy and rapidity of his execution ... .’ ‘Miss Woodyatt’ appeared as the prima donna, and other performers included the famous cellist, Mr Lindley. Mrs Shelton’s ‘well-known ballad “Oh! ask me not why” elicited a general encore’. Mr Henry Shelton performed in a group singing two glees and the leader of the orchestra was ‘Mr d’Egville’.17 Elizabeth had already come to public notice during the late 1820s as a com- poser of songs and piano pieces. Her reputation was not purely local – in 1836, she even attracted favourable comment in a prominent London newspaper: (‘This lady is decidedly a favourite ... ’, etc). She published some of her own pieces herself, but others were included in musical anthologies printed in London. In a review of The Musical Gem: A Souvenir for 1832, another prestigious London paper stated that ‘the pearl of the collection is the “Broken Vow” by Mrs Henry Shelton, a beautiful and pathetic air’. In 1836, Wheeler’s Music Warehouse in High Street, Worcester, advertised several named compositions of Elizabeth’s for sale, and oVered a catalogue of these, along with her other songs and piano pieces gratis. Her high point came in 1837, when she composed a piece entitled ‘Hom- mage à la Reine’ for the coronation of Queen Victoria, ‘with the sanction of, and dedicated by express permission to, her Most Gracious Majesty ... ’. In 1841, she very generously donated twenty guineas (£21), representing the proceeds of a song she had written for the occasion, towards the cost of erecting a new church at Wellington Heath, Herefordshire. Reports suggest that more money might have been forthcoming, but it seems that Elizabeth’s public acclaim may now have been waning, as this appears to have been a solitary (and rather extravagant) gesture. Her last production advertised in the local press, published by J.F. Shaw of London, was entitled ‘Who is Right, or The Test of Truth: an Appeal to the Judge to decide between The True and the False Prophets, The Spirit of Truth and the Spirit of Error. With an Address to the Reader’ (price 3d). This was probably no more than a pamphlet. Its contents are not known, but the title suggests that, at the time of its composition, her spirits were rather low.18 By the time of the 1861 census, Henry Hammond and Elizabeth were living in Dover, probably in the hope that the sea air might beneWt Henry. However, despite his retirement on health grounds, he outlived his wife. On October 15, 1870 died ‘at the residence of her brother, Elizabeth, wife of Henry Shelton Esq., late of this city, much lamented’. It is unclear why she was at her brother’s home (wherever that may have been), and it is also rather surprising to Wnd that a mar- 41 the journal of william morris studies . summer 2014 riage is recorded on 2 August 1871 at St Mary’s, Islington between Mr Henry H. Shelton and Mrs Mary Parkes. Henry Hammond lived on until 1875, dying at 39, Crane-Grove, Holloway, Middlesex, but was ‘formerly of 139 Liverpool Road, Islington’, the address of his ‘relict’ [widow] Mary. His estate by now had dwindled, his personal eVects being valued at under £100. Mary’s origins and her subsequent history are both obscure.19 None of the Shelton marriages seems to have been straightforward. The next sister, Ann (baptised 4 February 1798), married Thomas St John, gent., at St Nicholas’ church, Worcester, on 6 July 1822, but he died on 19 December 1833, aged thirty-six. It seems that there were no children. Thomas, then of Moor Place in the Tything of Whistons [Claines parish], made a will in 1831 leaving Ann all his ‘freehold, leasehold and copyhold houses, lands or tenements, goods, personal eVects etc’. Thomas was probably related to St Andrew St John, a former Dean of Worcester Cathedral (1783-1795), but when he applied for a marriage licence, his bondsman was William Savage, a porter at the cathedral, which seems a rather eccentric choice. A bondsman was a surety, and would normally be someone who was Wnancially sound. In theory, if the conditions laid down in the bond were not satisWed, the bondsman could be called upon to pay a signiWcant sum, surely well beyond the means of a porter.20 In the 1841 census, Ann (Shelton) St John (‘Independent’, i.e. of independ- ent means) is listed as living at Sansome Place, Worcester. On 22 January 1849, she married John Beresford Turner, Esq. at St Peter’s, Worcester. The marriage entry in the parish register gives his marital status as widower, describing him as ‘gent.’ of the parish of Claines, the son of James Turner, also ‘gent’. It is indeed a revelation to discover that only six months before, on 20 June 1848, the same John Beresford Turner was married at the same church to Ann Ursula Slater. On that occasion both parties were also already widowed: the groom was a ‘gent.’ of Brockmanton [near Leominster] in Herefordshire, and the bride’s abode was in College Precincts, close to Worcester Cathedral. The space on the form for the father’s details for bride and groom is struck through, and the witnesses’ signa- tures are practically illegible. A newspaper report indicates that the marriage service was conducted by the Rev. George Fleming St John, a close relative, no doubt, of Ann Shelton’s Wrst husband Thomas St John.21 Ann Ursula Turner, John Beresford’s second wife [he married the Wrst, a Miss Collins, at Puddleston, Herefordshire in 1819] died at Kempsey, Worcestershire, on 25 September 1848, aged 48 years. Her marriage to John Beresford was also her second marriage. Her Wrst husband was Isaac Wane Slater of London, whom she, as Ann Ursula Holdsworth, had married in 1831 at St Nicholas church in Worcester.22 It still seems shocking that Turner should have married his third wife so soon after the second wife’s death. According to his will (written 26 January 1854), 42 the worcester connection sometime between September 1848 and January 1849, some form of pre-nuptial agreement was concluded between the parties, which also seems rather cold- blooded. The relevant passage reads: ‘To my beloved wife the annual sum of Wfty pounds in the manner and conformable to my engagement to her previous to our marriage’. The family connection between Ann (Shelton) St John and George Fleming St John, the clergyman who oYciated at the marriage between John Beresford Turner and Ann Ursula Slater suggests that this marriage (his third) was facilitated by inXuential members of the bride’s family. As indicated below, Emma Shelton’s uncle John Shelton was a minor canon at Westminster Abbey, and may have possessed the necessary connections to Wnd a her well-heeled suitor in the same way.23 John Beresford Turner was a man of substance. He was born in Bockleton, on the border of Worcestershire with Herefordshire, where he wished to be buried in the family vault. He owned substantial properties, including farms, mainly in Herefordshire. In 1822 he was elected Vice-President of the Hereford Pitt Club, a constitutional club named after the statesman William Pitt the Younger, and in 1833 gave evidence before a Select Committee of Parliament investigating the depressed state of agriculture. The following year, he set out his own proposals for Farmer Societies, in order to defend the agricultural interest and oppose free- trade, which seem to have come to nothing. In 1844, his eVorts were recognised, when he was elected a member of the Royal Agricultural Society. In March 1848, he let Romers Farm, Bockleton, and sold oV the cattle, horses and agricultural implements. During August the same year (i.e. after he had married his second wife Ann Ursula Slater, but before she had died), the contents of his home at Brockmanton Hall, four miles from Leominster, Herefordshire were auctioned, he wishing to retire ‘having had three deaths in the family’. Judging by his will, he fathered no children, as among his beneWciaries are several nephews and nieces, among them two Manchester cotton manufacturers, and a Worcester coach maker. However, he also left money to the poor of the two parishes which meant the most to him – Bockleton, where the Overseers and Churchwardens were to distribute £5 annually among the ‘ancient and unfortunate poor ... distinguish- ing the honest and industrious from the drunken and disorderly’. In Puddleston [Herefordshire], the same amount was to go to the ‘poor and unfortunate, but to the exclusion of the drunken, dishonest and disorderly. Turner was clearly a staunch upholder of ‘Victorian values’.24 In the 1851 census, John Beresford and Ann Turner are listed as living at 3, Upper Severn Terrace, Worcester, he being by then seventy-six years old, and she Wfty-two. By 1861, Ann was a widow again, and remained so until her death in 1883, living successively at Field Terrace (1861), Edgar Street (1871) and Sidbury (1881), all these addresses being close to Worcester Cathedral. Ann Turner left an estate valued less than £600, an interesting feature being 43