The American Robot T H E A M E R I C A N R O B O T A Cultural History DUSTIN A. ABNET The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2020 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2020 Printed in the United States of America 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 69271- 5 (cloth) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 69285- 2 (e- book) DOI: https:// doi .org /10 .7208 /chicago /9780226692852 .001 .0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Abnet, Dustin A., author. Title: The American robot : a cultural history / Dustin A. Abnet. Description: Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019037835 | ISBN 9780226692715 (cloth) | ISBN 9780226692852 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Robots—Social aspects. | Robotics—Social aspects. Classification: LCC TJ211 .A34 2020 | DDC 303.48/3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019037835 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48- 1992 (Permanence of Paper). For Nicole Contents Introduction: An Intimate and Distant Machine 1 Part 1 God and Demon, 1790– 1910 13 1 The Republican Automaton 19 2 Humanizing the Industrial Machine 41 3 Mechanizing Men 71 Part 2 Masters and Slaves, 1910– 1945 97 4 Symbolizing the Machine Age 103 5 Building the Slaves of Tomorrow 131 6 Conditioning the Robot’s Brain 163 7 A War against the Machine Age 187 Part 3 Playfellow and Protector, 1945– 2019 209 8 Preserving American Innocence 215 9 The Postindustrial Gift 241 10 Cheerful Robots 271 Epilogue: The American Robot 295 Acknowledgments 303 Notes 309 Index 365 Introduction An Intimate and Distant Machine In March 1999, Matt Groening’s animated sitcom Futur- ama introduced audiences to Philip J. Fry, an idiot who falls into a cryogenic tube on December 31, 1999, and awakens ex- actly one thousand years later. In the interim, humans have traveled through space and met hundreds of alien species. They have invented fantastic and horrifying new technologies. Earth has been invaded, destroyed, and rebuilt multiple times. Yet, this future maintains a cu- rious nostalgia for elements of twentieth-c entury culture, including the Harlem Globetrotters, Richard Nixon, and 1950s- style hygiene films. When, in a season 3 episode, Fry dates a robot that physically and vocally duplicates the actress Lucy Liu while poorly performing a “personality mathematically derived” from her movies, his disgusted friends show him one of those hygiene films, I Dated a Robot!1 As a teenage boy and girl sit at a diner, a middle- aged white male narrator walks to their table and lectures, “Ordinary human dating. It’s enjoyable and it serves an important purpose,” before flipping their table over to reveal a screaming baby. “But when a human dates an artificial mate, there is no purpose. Only enjoyment. And that leads to tragedy.” As “Billy Everyteen” succumbs to the temptations of his “Marilyn Monroebot,” he grows too lazy to walk his dog, de- liver newspapers, or make out with a girl from across the street. “In