T American Pageant HE This page intentionally left blank THE American Pageant (cid:2) A History of the American People Fourteenth Edition Volume I: to 1877 David M. Kennedy Stanford University Lizabeth Cohen Harvard University Thomas A. Bailey Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The American Pageant, 14e © 2010, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning David M. Kennedy, Lizabeth Cohen, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be Thomas A. 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For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. We have made every eff ort to trace the ownership of all copyrighted material and to secure permission from copyright holders. In the event of any question arising as to the use of any material, we will be pleased to make the necessary corrections in future printings. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 ABOUT THE AUTHORS David M. Kennedy is the mination. He is an elected Fellow of the American Donald J. McLachlan Pro- Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Phi- fessor of History and Co- losophical Society and serves on the board of the Pulit- Director of The Bill Lane zer Prizes. Married and the father of two sons and a Center for the Study of daughter, in his leisure time he enjoys hiking, bicycling, the North American West river-rafting, fl ying, sea-kayaking, and fl y-fi shing. He is at Stanford Univer sity, currently writing a book on the American national where he has taught for character. four decades. Born and raised in Seattle, he re- ceived his underg raduate Lizabeth Cohen is the education at Stan ford and Howard Mumford Jones did his graduate training Professor of American at Yale in American Stud- Studies and chair of the ies, combining the fi elds history department of of history, economics, and literature. His fi rst book, Harvard University. In Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger 2007– 2008 she was the (1970) was honored with both the Bancroft Prize and the Harmsworth Professor John Gilmary Shea Prize. His study of the World War I of American History at era, Over Here: The First World War and American Oxford University. Pre- Society(1980; rev. ed., 2005) was a Pulitzer Prize fi nalist. viously she taught at In 1999 he published Freedom from Fear: The American New York University People in Depression and War, 1929–1945, which won (1992–1997) and Carne- the Pulitzer Prize for History, as well as the Francis gie Mellon Univers ity Parkman Prize, the English-Speaking Union’s Am- (1986–1992). Born and bassador’s Prize, and the Commonwealth Club of raised in the New York California’s Gold Medal for Literature. At Stanford he metropolitan area, she received her A.B. from Princet on teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in University and her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University American political, diplomatic, intellectual, and social of California at Berkeley. Her fi rst book, Making a New history, and in American literature. He has received Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939 (1990) several teaching awards, including the Dean’s Award for won the Bancroft Prize in American History and the Distinguished Teaching and the Hoagland Prize for Philip Taft Labor History Award, and was a fi nalist for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching. He has been a the Pulitzer Prize. In 2008 it was reissued in a second visiting professor at the University of Florence, Italy, and edition with a new introduction. Her article, “Encoun- in 1995–1996 served as the Harmsworth Professor of tering Mass Culture at the Grassr oots: The Experience of American History at Oxford University. He has also Chicago Workers in the 1920s,” (1989) was awarded the served on the Advisory Board for the PBS television Constance Roarke Prize of the American Studies series,The American Experience, and as a consultant to Association. Her most recent book, A Consumers’ Re- several documentary fi lms, including The Great War, public: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar Cadillac Desert, and Woodrow Wilson. From 1990 to America (2003) exp lored how an economy and culture 1995 he chaired the Test Development Committee for built around mass consumption shaped social life and the Advanced Placement United States History exa- politics in post–World War II America. An article related v vi About the Authors to this book, “From Town Center to Shopping Center: Thomas A. Bailey (1903–1983) taught history for The Reconfi guration of Community Marketplaces in nearly forty years at Stanford University, his alma Post war America,” (1996) was honored as the best article mater. Long regarded as one of the nation’s leading in urban history by the Urban History Association and historians of American diplomacy, he was honored by received the ABC-CLIO, America: History and LifeAward his colleagues in 1968 with election to the presidencies for the journal article that most advances prev iously of both the Organization of American Historians and unconsidered topics. She is currently writing a book on the Society for Historians of American Foreign Rela- urban renewal in American cities after World War II. At tions. He was the author, editor, or co-editor of some Harvard, she teaches courses in twentieth-century twenty books, but the work in which he took most American history, with particular attention to the inter- pride was The American Pageant, through which, he section of social and cultural life and politics. Before liked to say, he had taught American history to several attending graduate school, she taught history at the sec- million students. ondary level and worked in history and art museums. She continues to help develop public hist ory programs for general audiences through museums and documen- tary fi lms. She is married to an historian of modern France, with whom she has two daughters. For leisure, she enjoys swim ming and bicycling with her family, watching fi lms, and reading fi ction. CONTENTS Maps xv Figures xvii (cid:2) Tables xviii Preface xix part one Founding the New Nation c. 33,000 b.c.e.–1783 c.e. 2 1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 44 The geology of the New World • Native Americans before Columbus • Europeans and Africans • Columbus and the early explorers • The ecological consequences of Columbus’s discovery • The conquest of Mexico • Spain builds a New World empire Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 25–26 ■ EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE Making Sense of the New World 7 ■ MAKERS OF AMERICA The Spanish Conquistadores 20 2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 2277 England on the eve of empire • The expansion of Elizabethan England • The planting of Jamestown, 1607 • English settlers and Native Americans • The growth of Virginia and Maryland • England in the Caribbean • Settling the Carolinas and Georgia Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 44–45 ■ MAKERS OF AMERICA The Iroquois 42 vii viii Contents 3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 4466 The Puritan faith • Plymouth Colony, 1620 • The Puritan commonwealth of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 • Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire • Puritans and Indians • The Confederation and Dominion of New England, 1686–1689 • New Netherland becomes New York • Pennsylvania, the Quaker colony • New Jersey and Delaware Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 64–67 ■ EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE A Seventeenth-Century Valuables Cabinet 63 ■ VARYING VIEWPOINTS Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? 65 4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607–1692 6688 Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region • Indentured servants and Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, 1676 • The spread of slavery • African American culture • S outhern Society • Families in New England • Declining Puritan piety • The Salem witchcraft trials, 1692 • Daily life in the colonies Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 86–87 ■ EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE An Indentured Servant’s Contract 71 ■ THINKING GLOBALLY The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1860 72 ■ MAKERS OF AMERICA From African to African American 78 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700–1775 8888 Immigration and population growth • Colonial social structure • Earning a living • The Atlantic economy • The role of religion • The Great Awakening of the 1730s • Education and culture • Politics and the press • Colonial folkways Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 106–108 ■ VARYING VIEWPOINTS Colonial America: Communities of Confl ict or Consensus? 107 6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 110099 New France • Fur-traders and Indians • Anglo-French colonial rivalries • Europe, America, and the fi rst world wars • The Seven Years’ War • Pontiac’s Uprising and the Proclamation of 1763 Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 124–125 Contents ix 7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 112266 Roots of revolution • The merits and menace of mercantilism • The Stamp Act crisis, 1765 • The Townshend Acts, 1767 • The Boston Tea Party, 1773 • The Intolerable Acts and the Continental Congress, 1774 • Lexington, Concord, and the gathering clouds of war, 1775 • The rebel army Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 144–145 ■ THINKING GLOBALLY Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Revolt 140 8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 114466 Early skirmishes, 1775 • A merican “republicanism” • The Declaration of Independence, 1776 • Patriots and Loyalists • The fi ghting fronts • The French alliance, 1778 • Yorktown, 1781 • The Peace of Paris, 1783 Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 169–171 ■ EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE A Revolution for Women? Abigail Adams Chides Her Husband, 1776 153 ■ MAKERS OF AMERICA The Loyalists 154 ■ VARYING VIEWPOINTS Whose Revolution? 170 (cid:2) part two Building the New Nation c. 1776–1860 172 9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 117744 Changing political sentiments • The new state constitutions • Economic troubles • The Articles of Confederation, 1781–1788 • The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 • Shays’s Rebellion, 1786 • The Constitutional Convention, 1787 • Ratifying the Constitution, 1787–1790 Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 196–198 ■ EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 177 ■ VARYING VIEWPOINTS The Constitution: Revolutionary or Counterrevolutionary? 197