The Amenity Migrants Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures In these times people seek the road through the clouds; But the cloud road is obscure, without a trace. The mountains are high, with many steep and narrow passes; The streams are broad, with little brightness of day. Emerald green cliffs to the front, and to the back; White clouds to the west, and to the east. If you want to find the cloud road, It is here in the sky. Han Shan (Cold Mountain) Tang Dynasty, China The Amenity Migrants Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures Edited by Laurence A.G. Moss CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, record- ing or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Datta The amenity migrants : seeking & sustaining mountains and their cultures / edited by Laurence A.G. Moss. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-084-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-85199-084-3 (alk. paper) 1. Amenity migration. 2. Amenity migration—Environmental aspects. 3. Recreation areas—Environmental aspects. 4. Mountains. 5. Mountain ecology. 6. Human ecology. 7. Environmental degradation. I. Moss, Laurence A. G. II. Title. HT382.A64 2006 304.8--dc22 2005021125 ISBN-10: 0 85199 084 3 ISBN-13: 978 0 85199 084 2 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgements ix PART I. THE AMENITY MIGRANTS 1 Chapter 1. The Amenity Migrants: Ecological Challenge to Contemporary 3 Shangri-La Laurence A.G. Moss Chapter 2. The Spiritual Dimension of Moving to the Mountains 26 Harvey Locke Chapter 3. Guiding Back from the Precipice: Leveraging the Power 34 of Recreational Users to Protect Mountain Environments Linda McMillan PART II. AMENITY MIGRANTS IN THE AMERICAS 53 Chapter 4. Geographic Perspective on Amenity Migration across 55 the USA: National-, Regional- and Local-scale Analysis Peter B. Nelson Chapter 5. Santa Fe, a Fading Dream: 1986 Profile and 2005 Postscript 73 Romella S. Glorioso and Laurence A.G. Moss Chapter 6. ‘Too Much Love?’: the Environmental and Community Impacts 94 of Amenity Migrants on Jackson Hole, Wyoming Margie Lynch Chapter 7. Gateway to Glacier: Will Amenity Migrants in North-western 108 Montana Lead the Way for Amenity Conservation? Steve Thompson Chapter 8. Alberta’s Amenities Rush 120 Bart Robinson and Carole Stark Chapter 9. Finding a Pad in Paradise: Amenity Migration Effects on 135 Whistler, British Columbia Sean R. Moore, Peter W. Williams and Alison Gill v vi Contents Chapter 10. Cultural Survival and Environmental Degradation in the 148 Mountains of the Secwepemc Janice R. Billy Chapter 11. Planning for Amenity Migration in Communities of the British 163 Columbia Hinterland Raymond Chipeniuk Chapter 12. A Brief History of Amenity Migration in the Adirondack 175 Mountains Wayne R. Glass Chapter 13. Cultural and Environmental Amenities in Peri-urban Change: 187 the Case of San Antonio de Escazú, Costa Rica Paulina Chaverri P. Chapter 14. Amenity Migration in the Patagonian Mountain Community 200 of San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina Adriana Otero, Lía Nakayama, Susana Marioni, Elisa Gallego, Alicia Lonac, Andrés Dimitriu, Rodrigo González and Claudia Hosid PART III. AMENITY MIGRANTS IN EUROPE 213 Chapter 15. The Specifics of Amenity Migration in the European Alps 215 Manfred Perlik Chapter 16. Second Homes, Work Commuting and Amenity Migrants in 232 Norway’s Mountain Areas Thor Flognfeldt Jr Chapter 17. Amenity Migration and Tourism Development in the Tärna 245 Mountains, Sweden Dieter K. Müller PART IV. AMENITY MIGRANTS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 259 Chapter 18. A Bioregion in Jeopardy: the Strategic Challenge of Amenity 261 Migration in Baguio, The Philippines Romella S. Glorioso Chapter 19. Green Change: Inland Amenity Migration in Australia 278 Ralf Buckley, Nikola Sander, Claudia Ollenburg and Jan Warnken Chapter 20. Amenity Migration in the South Island of New Zealand: 295 Contestation for Land and Landscape in Central Otago C. Michael Hall PART V: THE FUTURE 307 Chapter 21. Next Steps and the Longer View 309 Laurence A.G. Moss Index 321 Contributors Janice R. Billy, Skwelkwekwelt Protection Centre, PO BOX 837, Chase, B.C. Canada, V0E 1M0 Ralf Buckley, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia Paulina Chaverri P.,P.O.Box 419-1250, Escazu, Costa Rica Raymond Chipeniuk, School of Environmental Planning, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, B.C., Canada, V2N 4Z9 Andrés Dimitriu, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Thor Flognfeldt Jr., Department of Social Science (Tourism and Travel), Lillehammer University College, Gudrbrandsdalsvn 350, N-2626 Lillehammer, Norway Elisa Gallego, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Alison Gill, Centre for Tourism Policy and Research, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., Canada, V5A 1S6 Wayne R. Glass, Center for the Advancement of Sustainable Tourism, PO BOX 749, Saranac Lake, New York, 12983, USA Romella S. Glorioso, International Amenity Migration Centre, PMB 422, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA Rodrigo González, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina C. Michael Hall, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin New Zealandand Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umea University, Umea, Sweden Claudia Hosid, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Harvey Locke, 11 Glebe Road East, Ontario, Canada, M4S 1N7 Alicia Lonac, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Margie Lynch, P.O. Box 656, Stow, MA 01775, USA Susana Marioni, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Linda McMillan, 721 Appleberry Road, San Rafael, California 94903, USA Sean R. Moore, Centre for Tourism Policy and Research, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., Canada, V5A 1S6 Laurence A. G. Moss, International Amenity Migration Centre, PMB 422 Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA Dieter K. Müller, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umea University, SE-901 87, Umea, Sweden vii viii Contributors Lía Nakayama, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Peter B. Nelson, Department of Geography, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA Claudia Ollenburg, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia Adriana Otero, Planning & Management Research Group, Faculty of Tourism, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina Manfred Perlik, Austrian Academy of Sciences, International Moutain Research, Technikerstrasse 21a, Otto- Hittmair-Platz 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Bart Robinson, PO BOX 8618, Chinook Institute for Community Stewardship, Canmore, Alberta, Canada T1W 2V3 Nikola Sanders, PO BOX 8618, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia Carole Stark, PO BOX 8618, Chinook Institute for Community Stewardship, Canmore, Alberta, Canada T1W 2V3 Steve Thompson, Glacier Field Office, National Parks Conservation Association, PO Box 4485, Whitefish, MT 59937, USA Jan Warnken, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia Peter W. Williams, Centre for Tourism Policy and Research, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., Canada, V5A 1S6 Acknowledgements In June 2003, while participating in the international conference Environmental Sustainability for Mountain Areas Impacted by Tourism and Amenity Migrationat the Banff Centre, Canada, nine of the contributors to this book met and decided a publication on global amenity migration was needed. In editing this volume, I have drawn significantly upon the information and skills of friends and colleagues. Also I received con- siderable information and insights from many others in my global sojourns in which amenity migration was generally observed, and at times the focus of the experience. I owe a considerable debt of gratitude to all these people for their generosity. Most particularly I wish to thank my advisory group for the knowledge, time and constant con- sideration they have given me over the past 21 months: Ralf Buckley, Ray Chipeniuk, Romella S. Glorioso, Linda McMillan and Manfred Perlik. While I have used their advice, I am solely responsi- ble for the product of our labour and the interpretations and opinions found in the introductory and concluding chapters. I also wish to thank all the authors for their fine contributions to the volume, and their patience with my inquiries, especially for the tedium in finalizing manuscripts. Others also need to be singled out for their generous assistance: Douglas Brown, Patrick C. Jobes, Ralf (Skip) Luken, William L. Pensinger, Sharr Prohaska, William Siembieda and Kim Sorvig. And back in time there are my mentors; the seeds they planted hopefully bore fruit in this project: John W. Dyckman, Clarence Glacken, Ho Ping Ti, J.B. Jackson, Kato Shuichi and Ren Fu Reng. The book would also not exist of course without the continuous support of CAB International’s editorial and production staff, especially Tracy Ehrlich and Claire Parfitt. I am deeply grateful to my wife, Romella S. Glorioso, who did more than double duty in her pro- fessional capacity as editorial advisor and constant companion on the intellectual and emotional pas- sage of making a book. Maraming salamatRomella. Laurence A.G. Moss Santa Fe, New Mexico 10 November, 2005 ix