THEA LTERINEGY E CJPY nghtedm atanal RoberKto lkeirsE mNituPsr ofesosfoE rn gliislhtl heU niversoift y MarylialnndLd e ctuirnMe erd ia StutdhiUeen si vaetr osfVi itryg iHniisa , workis nclAud Cei neQmLfal )nn_ed�Pi.<e'n Snt,O Klulber,Si ccokr,sS epsi.:e,l bt7g AltmBaenr;n aBredrot uW/iullcWicei l/;d e(wYiStr eht NB eickeFni)lF;mo ,r m andC u/tMUerdf'i;Sa t udAineI sn:t roduecdittiooofrAn l;f rHeidt chcock'" PsycAh Coa:s ebSotralknK;lll ebyr i2c0k0A'T S":p aOcdey .slN,re� weE !lsaaynds ThOe\ foHradn dbo'fF�i Jlakmn Mde dSila udi�, /tvww.1J Irffp :l ir i8i nea u.d l emidIl!; tu edsp leoi p laedun!j e .tIrtII I I CJPY nghtedm atanal RoberPth illKiopl ker THEA LTERINEGY E ContempIonrtaenrJn aCtiinoenmaal Reveidsiewtdiia t/lo henp w r eafnadc e anu pdbaitbeldi ography Cambridge Open IffY1lI Book Publ�i shers 2009 CJPY nghtedm atanal Publisbhye d Open If1Y111 Book Publsi� sher 40D evonshRioraedC ,a mbridCgBeI2, B LU,n itKeidn gdom hHp:/lwww.openbookpublishers.com Firesdti tpiuobnl isihn1e 9d8 b3yO xfrod UnivePrrseistsy. © 200R9o bert PKhoillkleirp Somer ighatrscr eservTehdi.bs o oki sm adea �'ailuanbdleterh eC re­ ativCeo mmonsA Hribution-Non-Co2m.m0Ue Kr:c Einagll an&d WaleLsi cenTchei.ls i cenaclel ofwosr c opyianngy p arotf t hew ork for pel"5on,lnlo na-ncdo mmerucsicp,l,rl O Vidianugt hoart tribution isc leasrltya tDeedt.a iolfas l lowaanncder etsrictairoean vsa ilaabtl:e http://www.openbookpublishers.com As wiatlOhlp enB ooPku blisthietrldsei sg,im taatle rainadrl e souracse­s sociawtietdth h ivso lumaer acv ,lilfarboolmeu wre bsite: hltp:/Iwww.openbookpublishers.com ISBHNa rdba9c7k8:- 1-906924-04-1 ISBPNa perba9c7k8:- 1-906924-03-4 ISBDNi gi(tpadlf 9)7:8 -1-906924-05-8 Acknowledgimsme andtet ot hfeo llowfiopnreg r misstiouo snec o pyright material: BreciTlitl eatre, Thet ab"lDer amaTthieca tre-TEhpeiact frer"o m (>II edited andt ranslbaytJ eodhW ni lleCtotp.y ri©g 1h9t5 17%,3 1,9 6b4y Suhrkamp VerlFarg.a.n kfam urMta inT.h itsr anlsaantdin oont e© s1 96b4yJ ohWni l­ letRte.p rinbtye dp ermiosfHs iiloalnn dW anga,d ivisoifFo anr rSatrr,a us andG irouIxn,ca .n,dM ethuLeonn don. Fro"mT oP ostNiitnSy e" llP!Coetmecsod,p yri1g9h4bt7y B NtoBlrde cahntd H.RH.a ysc;o pyri1g9h7bt5 yS tefSa.Bn r ecahntd H.R.R eHparyisn.bt ye d permisosifHo anr couBrrta ce JovaInnocav.ni,dcA hn,n ElAmgoe ncIyn,c . Lm;O lvidad()� Films FSraonnst ifeortreh sce o veimra gfer oLmu iBsu fiuel's (1950). Alpla pNu sebdy OpB('ono Pku blisihsSe Fr(sIS ustaiFnoarbels('It nriyt ia­ tivaen)d,P EFC( prografmomre Etnhdeo rsemoefFn otr eCsetr tification SchemeCse)r tified. CJPY nghtedm atanal F& linda and imlle muorf y GI<luoRcorc ha and RainWeerr neFr. lssbindcr CJPY nghtedm atanal Copyrigmhatteedr ial Contents Acknowledgments VIlL Prdacct oth eN IW' Edition jx Prefatcoeth e1 983E dition xvii Introduction 1 L TheV alidoiftt hyeI mage 11 2.Th e Subtsanceo fF orm 89 3.P olitPiscysc,h olaongy;dM emory 197 287 Notes AnnotaBtiebdl ipohgyr a 299 SeleBcitb liohgyor naE uroeanC inemSai nc1e9 83 307 p p Index 315 CJPY nghtedm atanal Acknowledgtmse n Althoudgihs triboufEt uiroonp eaannd L atiAnm ericfainl misnt he UniteSdt atesfOl lhl<loesfni f n r ecenyte artsh,e raer ca n umbeorfs maldli s­ tribuwthoors st i<llelq uinreewm ateraidadl ,t iott h eciorl lecotfoi lodne r filmasn,dh elkpL 'Ctph telr d.ilailoinvI w ei.s tho t hank ftohlel owdiinsg­ tribuwthoors su pplitehdef i lmtsh amtn det he wroitfti hnibgso opko s­ siblCei:n emFai vCeo,r inFtihl mFsi,l mIsn c.-ABurdainod oNne,w U ne Cinema, NewF iYlomrUskn,Ni film. The motpiiocnt udriev isoifto hncL i braorfCy o ngrewsassa ,s a lways, ofg Teilh!e lpa,n dt hct heatdeirisv ion oft heA mericaFni lmI nstitguavtee sp('Ciaasls istance. A numbeorfp eop.lsles isrntt'cw di tihd earse,s eaarcnhdt, e chnhielcpa,l byr C<1dipnagr tosft hem anuscrninpdwt i, tgho odc onversaTthiaonnk.s espt"CitaolP leyt er BeMiacrkieCano ,u ghlDionu,gl aGso mer,Dy anusia MesonJ,oM ei llJe.r , DouOgulsalseD ya,v iPd. ukSNt,e phPl>rni nAcdea,m ReilHl,yl,r WV.CT yh ompsoJnra,.n dK atherSi.Wno eo dwnradn,dt om any studenL<; who workewdi tmhe inc ours:meds seminairnsc ontempOrilry Eur opecainn eamta the UnoifMv aerrysliatAny Fd a.c ulRetsye aGrcrh, mt frotmh Uen vie rsoifMt ayr ylaanldl owmeed sae mesotfetfro d ot hmea jor writiSnhge ldoMne yearn dSt ehpanei GoldaetnO xforUndi versPirtey ss prOVidseudp portk naonwdl edtghe.lW,I tS invalufaobtrlh ee origin'll pub­ licatoifto hnib so okT.h anktsoA lessanTodsrilian dR upeGratt ift otrh eir worokn t hnee we dition. Whilieti sa ne asmya ttert htao nakn d:lc knowledget hoswheo sep er­ sonailn terveanitdiemodyn w orki,it s l ess easyc owmheetsnot higetr eat numbeorfs chol:madr csritwihcoss wer itihnagsb eeinn flueinntf ioanln ­ ingm y ideTahesn .o tetost het exitnd icsatoem eo ft hed ebt:m d theb ibli­ ograpwhiyd entsh rea ngoefa cknowledgbmuectn atn, necvoemrp leitte. CJPY nghtedm atanal Prefatcoe tNheew Edition TheA lteErHien g is boao ka boutth emo sfte rtpielrei oofdf ilmmaking int hmci d-twencteinettuhTr hyi.Ws il Sa p erioofdr ediscovceirnielnm,g, ofr eturntion gz e(raoJs e an-LGuocd arpdr oclai,memdda) d vandng beyontdhc eo nvenloifto hnHcso llywosyolld cN .o tm ere.lldyv .lnbcuitn g, revoilntagg aiintsOt.n t hlee voeflf oramn dw itahv itbaulg,!' lleyf t-wing politfiocr;cfllei ,l mm'lwkoerrlsd weixdpel otrhedea irrpt ,u sheidtls i mits, mndei t; u<:lu:ililleel,o quilenndtc ompleAxu.d ienrceessp ondienkd i nd, theeiurr i osainlddy e simreee titnhgi(> m aginatfiiolnm moafkt eofr osr am nourisfhiilncmgu lture. Whilwer ititnhgbe o okt,h erwea se veriyn dicationc itnheamta ttihcc phenomen[o wna sd iscuswsaisna gno ngoing prBouclje ussbsle. f ore publicattwiooo fnt ,h mca jofri lmmakdeirssc usisnte hdbc o okd ietdh:e Braz.ilGliaaunb Reorc hian 1 98a1n dR ainWeerrn erF assbiinnd1 e9r8 2. Theidre atshese metdos igno.1r1a ,tl eaosctc uSri multanewoiutsh.1ln,y equalplryt' matduermei soeft hev erfyi lcmu ltutrheas tw epatc rotshse worlfdr otmh een do fWWI uIn ttihlad te cadmaolm enTth.e N ewG erman Cinemtah,le a smto vemeinntt hwea vteh abte gawni tIht alnioaonr ealism bleiw tsoeulifI. tm so stt alenmteemdb ewra sd eadW.e rneHre rzoagn d WimW endesrese metdod riofftif n tIo.-, scsr eatsipvaec tesh,o uHgehr zog hasf ounhdi fso otiinnag n umbeorfa maZing documenFtraarnicees,. In Fram,Toriusf faau fto,u ndoefrt heN ewW aved,i eidn 1 98G3o.d ard, afthearv ibnrgo ugahbto utth s('e cosnedi smcihca ngef iilanmf tIetra lian ncroe aliwsemn,it n tiol koifen xdi illenr de turnnoe dl onagsae p re rpctr,ltor ofa n ewc inemavtiiscib ounta,s an arcisosffi osrtm( .H em ayh avbee en Ihiasla ll onbgu,tl hefo rmeaxl perimenhteac tairornio enid n t he19 60s pr<'ssfeodr waornd cinema woarnlddc whiadneg ietdo; n cceh anged, Godarhdi msewlafsc hangedt-hbveye rcyi nemh<ehl e lpcerde <lte.) Its eemeIdh at etnheer gIyh acto urstehdr ouEgUhr opea,nl/ldw orld cinemiant he1 960asn d1 970dsi minisShoemdeo. f i tw ast ransferred tot heU niteSdt atwehse,r aen a utecuirn emsah. .'Crbeytd h es uccesses CJPY nghtedm atanal