BBaarrdd CCoolllleeggee BBaarrdd DDiiggiittaall CCoommmmoonnss Senior Projects Spring 2017 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2017 TThhee AAllcchheemmyy ooff BBrraanndd Walker Bockley Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2017 Part of the Other Anthropology Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Bockley, Walker, "The Alchemy of Brand" (2017). Senior Projects Spring 2017. 375. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2017/375 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ALCHEMY OF BRAND Senior Project submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College by Walker Bockley Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2017 My sincerest of thanks to: Daniel Berthold, Laura Kunreuther, Ruth Zisman, and Kritika Yegnashankaran Mark and Kate Bockley and Caridad Cole T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Introduction- Brand Leads SECTION I- Philosophy of Brand: Tracing an Instability Chapter 1- Introducing Our Philosophical Approach……...…………....…….8 Chapter 2- The Problem of Property in Ancient Greek Thought..…….…..…10 Chapter 3- Kant’s Turn Towards the Individual as an Object……………..…23 Chapter 4- Marx and the Commodity…………………………….………….29 Chapter 5- Synthesis: Philosophy to Brand………….……………..………..42 SECTION II- Anthropology of Brand: Situating the Brand Chapter 1- A Brief Journey to the Modern Brand……………………...........46 Chapter 2- Methodology and an Introduction to the Focus Group......…..….48 Chapter 3- Analyzing and Engaging the Literature of Brand……..…..…….57 Chapter 4- Returning to Our Focus Group as a Site………………………...75 SECTION III- What is Brand? Chapter 1- A Return: What is our Brand? ……….…….…...........................80 Chapter 2- The Intersection of Brand and Identity…….………...….............87 Conclusion- Not Just What Brand Is, but Where Brand is Going………..….…..…..98 1 INTRODUCTION Brand Leads Imagine, that you are walking into someone’s home for the first time, perhaps a co-worker you have known for a while, and as you do, try to re-create the kind of awareness and observational perspective you would have as you do so. Your eye moves around the room, from the TV to the set of high bookcases, back to the couch, then along to a desk, computer, set of speakers, smartphone, then back to the TV. You continue and walk into the next room gazing at the contents: what’s on the book shelves, what’s in the kitchen, pantry etc. What kind of house did you picture? I mean, what kind of a TV, what kind of books on the bookcases, what kind of couch, what kind of computer, speakers, and smartphone? What do these things tell you about their owner? And, how? Now, can you describe any of these things in this person’s home without the brand? Did you picture the TV, the computer, the speakers, the smartphone without your mind picturing and engaging a specific brand? Now imagine you’ve walked through the whole house and looked at every room. You’ve seen every single thing a person owns, but what did you really notice—the brand. What can these brands tell you about what kind of person lives here? The right answer, if you got it, is quite a lot. At least this is the answer that our modern consumer societies’ economy is betting on. From 2015 to 2016, global advertising expenditure grew by 4.6% to $579 billion, up from last year’s 3.9%— on trend with the ever-increasing amount of money that is being poured into the brand (Barraclough). On the consumer’s end, marketing experts estimate that most Americans are exposed to somewhere between 4,000 to 10,000 branded advertisements every day. Of course, nobody would recall actually seeing, say, 6,000 ads in their day because we’ve all developed a careful filtering process to ignore the vast majority of these messages. Rather than overburden our brains by trying to recall how many ads you can remember seeing since you woke up, imagine an average morning: you wake up, check your email, your FaceBook, Twitter, maybe you Google what the weather 2 is going to be like today. At this point in time your brand count is maybe a couple hundred ads already. Next you get out of bed and open your closet to get dressed—maybe another 20 or 30 brand registrations and decisions here— I won’t ask you to open your pantry, watch TV, listen to the radio, browse the net….you get the picture. All of these seemingly passive, quiet, and unconscious moments we share with brand are happening constantly with almost every individual across the globe. But still, when it comes to actually thinking through and trying to understand how brand impacts our everyday life, let alone everyone else’s, or how this gets woven into in the fabric of our culture, we are silent. Yet the effect and impact of this near-constant and deeply engaging brand contact is happening largely unconsciously. The role, place, meaning and impact of brand on our world remains largely unexplored and illusory. Our project begins with the seemingly straightforward question, “what is brand?” However, we immediately find ourselves at an impasse before the project has even begun, recognizing that our most basic conceptions of the consumer/brand relationship are largely incompatible with the theoretical framework put forward by dominant discourse of brand. As a result, without a discourse to fully ground ourselves in, our project must start from a kind of beginning. In short, we must not only reconstruct and reformulate a notion of the consumer/brand binary and answer the basic question “what is brand,” but also go beyond and develop a full ethnographically-based framework that allows us to move beyond the binary and engage the more important questions of how brand works in relation to consumer identity. This leads us to chart a framework designed to address and engage the precise ways individual identity and brand interact. Focusing on one’s individual identity and brand, we arrive at a conception of brand acting as a dynamic vehicle for self-creation, constructing and externalizing identity as well as conferring agency to the consumer. Thus, our project is not just a question of what is brand, but an engagement of how brand works, a question that ultimately reveals itself to be inherently intertwined with the larger question of identity itself. What is at stake in the engagement of brand is nothing less than the fundamental question of individual identity in our modern consumerist society. To ignore or dismiss the influence of brand in our modern culture, as well as its deeply imbedded presence in the very fabric of our society, is to be blind to 3 the power and reach of the now-global corporate power structure. The necessity of engaging both philosophy and anthropology in addressing the brand is plainly visible as brand continues to occupy an increasingly powerful cultural role. The greatest project to dismantle and engage consumerism—with the brand as its spiritual core– was, after all, undertaken by generations of anthropologically and philosophically-minded thinkers from the Frankfurt School and Critical Theory. But today, when consumerism and the power of the marketplace has reached its apex, relatively speaking, there is an undeniable silence on brand and consumerism. The project of engaging the nature of the brand practically requires that we bear in mind the classic concerns and methodologies of both philosophy and anthropology when addressing it today. From the vantage point of philosophy, brand is intertwined with the fundamental questions of individual and collective identity. What does it mean to live in a world where identity has seemingly been commodified? This is a question we can only uncover if we return to the most foundational philosophical questions and texts. From the vantage point of anthropology, the cultural force of the brand as a structuring force on every level, from the individual to the highest echelons of ideology, is undeniable even as it takes on different forms in different cultural contexts. Equipped with the methodology of ethnographic fieldwork, anthropology is uniquely situated to engage the brand in a way that would take us beyond just the theoretical. Even in the more recent past, questions of consumption and brand were infrequently overtly linked to identity-creation, but today it is rampant and impossible to ignore. With the advent of an increasingly social media space and an increasingly fast and nimble marketplace to match it, the speed with which we see, internalize, and consume brand races forward. Today, I can see my favorite celebrity wearing a certain pair of Nikes and in just two business days Amazon will have them on my doorstep. Any critical engagement with brand ultimately leads back to an engagement with identity, which is itself a distinctly modern feature in the ever-changing landscape of brand. The stakes in critically engaging brand only increases and grows more insistent each day as it matches the ballooning cultural phenomena that is brand. As an overview, our project is a kind of journey that unfolds and develops into an ever-deeper understanding of brand, and we must move slowly and carefully. Employing and engaging both