7 1 0 2 y r a u n a J 9 1 0 1 : 3 1 t a ] o g e i D n a S a, i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D 7 1 0 2 y r THE AGE OF ROBERT GUISCARD: a u SOUTHERN ITALY AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST n a J 9 1 0 1 : 3 1 t a ] o g e i D n a S a, i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D THE MEDIEVAL WORLD Editor: David Bates 7 John Moorhead Ambrose 1 0 John Moorhead Justinian 2 y r Janet Nelson Charles the Bald a u n Richard Abels Alfred the Great a J 9 M.K. Lawson Gnut 1 0 1 James A. Brundage Medieval Canon Law : 3 1 John Hudson The Formation of the English t a Common Law ] o g Lindy Chant Abbot Suger of St-Denis e i D David Crouch William Marshal n a S Ralph V. Turner Kingjohn , a i Jim Bradbury Philip Augustus n r fo Jane Sayers Innocent III i l a C C.H. Lawrence The Friars f o David Abulafia The Western Mediterranean y t Kingdoms 1200-1500 i s r ve Jean Dunbabin Charles I of Anjou i n U Jennifer C. Ward English Noblewomen in the y [ Later Middle Ages b d Michael Hicks Bastard Feudalism e d a o l n w o D THE AGE OF ROBERT 7 1 0 GUISCARD: SO UTH ERN 2 y r ua ITALY A N D THE n a J 9 N O R M A N C O N Q U E S T 1 0 1 : 3 1 t a ] o G.A. LOUD g e i D n a S , a i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D D Routledge Taylor & Francis Croup LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2000 by Pearson Education Limited Published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 7 1 0 Copyright © 2000, Taylor & Francis. 2 y r The right of G.A. Loud to be identified as author of ua this adapted Work has been asserted by him in accordance with n the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. a J 9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or 1 0 by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including 1 photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission : 3 in writing from the publishers. 1 t a ] Notices o g Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience ie broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical D treatment may become necessary. n a S Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in a, evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In i n r using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of o f others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. i l a C To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, f o assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products y liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, t si instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. r e v i ISBN 13: 978-0-582-04529-3 (pbk) n U y [ BAr citaitsahlo gLuieb rraecryor dC afotar ltohgisu bionogk- icna-nP ubbe loicbatatiinoend Dfraotma the British Library b d Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data e Loud, G.A. d a The age of Robert Guiscard: southern Italy and the Norman conquest / G.A. Loud. o p. cm. — (The medieval world) l n Includes bibliographical references and index. w ISBN 0-582-04528-2 (cased: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-582 04529-0 (softcover: alk. o D paper) 1. Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily, ca. 1015-1085. 2. Sicily—History—1016-1194. 3. Naples (Kingdom)—History—1016-1268. 4. Nobility—Italy—Sicily—Biography. 5. Nobility—Italy—Naples (Kingdom)— Biography. I. Series. DG867.215.R64.L68 2000 945'.8—dc21 00-042126 CONTENTS 7 1 0 2 ry Editor's Preface..........................................................................................................................yii a u Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................he an Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................. xi J 9 1 0 Introduction........................................................................................................................1 1 : 3 1 Chapter I Southern Italy before the Normans...............................................12 t The evolution of southern Italy....................................................................................... 14 a ] Government......................................................................................................................29 o g Society...............................................................................................................................48 e i D n Chapter II The coming of the Normans......................................................... 60 a S First contacts.....................................................................................................................60 a, Infiltration and early setdement.......................................................................................67 i n Normandy and Italy.........................................................................................................81 r o f i al Chapter III The conquest of the mainland.....................................................92 C Apulia and Aversa in the 1040s......................................................................................92 f o The Battie of Civitate and its aftermath...................................................................... 110 y A conquest completed?.................................................................................................. 130 t i s r e v Chapter IV The conquest of Sicily...................................................................146 i n U The early campaigns...................................................................................................... 146 [ The capture of Palermo................................................................................................. 157 y b Consolidation and settlement......................................................................................... 165 d e d Chapter V The Normans, the papacy and the two empires................. 186 a o The investiture of 1059.................................................................................................. 186 l n w The papacy and southern Italy 1060-80...................................................................... 194 o Robert Guiscard’s attack on Byzantium.......................................................................209 D The papacy and southern Italy after 1085................................................................... 223 Chapter VI Government and society in Norman Italy.............................234 Robert Guiscard and the aristocracy............................................................................234 The aristocracy and ducal government after 1085...................................................... 246 The Church....................................................................................................................260 Native and Norman.......................................................................................................278 THE AGE OF ROBERT GUISCARD Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................291 Genealogical tables....................................................................................................................297 I The Hauteville kin................................................................................................................ 299 II The descendants of Robert Guiscard.............................................................................. 300 III The Lombard princes of Capua and Benevento.......................................................... 301 IV The family of the Lombard princes of Salerno............................................................ 302 V The Norman counts of Aversa and princes of Capua............................................... 303 7 VI The descendants of Amicus................................................................................................ 304 1 0 VII The counts of the Principate............................................................................................. 304 2 y VIII The Guarna family of Salerno.......................................................................................... 305 r a u n Maps....................................................................................................................................................307 a 9 J I Southern Italy......................................................................................................................... 309 1 II The Capitanata, Molise, Campania and the Basilicata.............................................. 310 0 III Apulia....................................................................................................................................... 311 1 3: IV Sicily.........................................................................................................................................312 1 V Robert Guiscard’s campaigns against Byzantium, 1081-5 ....................................... 313 t a ] o g A brief guide to further reading............................................................................................................... 314 ie Index....................................................................................................................................................... 321 D n a S a, i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D VI EDITOR'S PREFACE 7 1 0 2 y The Norman expansion in eleventh-century Europe is a movement of enorm­ r ua ous historical importance which took men and women from the duchy of n a Normandy to settle in England and Wales, the southern parts of the Italian J 9 peninsula, Sicily and the principality of Antioch. These conquests were the 1 0 springboard for further expansion in the twelfth century into Scotland, 1 : Ireland and, for a short time, north Africa, as well as for the transformation 3 1 of the societies which the Normans took over or infiltrated. The Norman t a conquest of southern Italy and Sicily is a particularly interesting element in ] o this history, since here the newcomers subdued local princes, drove out the g e i Byzantine and Moslem rulers who claimed authority, and began to unify D n the territories which, in the twelfth century, became the kingdom of Sicily. Sa They also consolidated their control by a series of complex alliances with a, the papacy which illuminate how secular and religious powers worked to­ i n gether in the process whereby western Europe and Christianity began the r o f advance to hegemony which characterises the succeeding centuries. Ambi­ i l a tion even extended to campaigns across the Adriatic against the Byzantine C f empire. o y Graham Loud’s splendid new book in the Medieval World series places t si the careers of Robert Guiscard and the Hauteville family in a wider frame­ r ve work in order to construct a new history of the expansion of Norman power i n in southern Europe. Beginning with a survey of southern Italy and Sicily U [ before the arrival of the Normans, it shows how these conditions influenced y b future events. It deals effectively with long-standing controversies about the d e date of the Normans’ arrival in the south and the precise extent of their d a participation relative to other peoples from neighbouring regions of north­ o nl ern France. Above all, the book sets out the twists and turns of a conquest w which continued throughout most of the eleventh century, and which was o D still far from complete by the time of Guiscard’s death. Almost every aspect of the politics and warfare of the time should be seen as a struggle to achieve limited objectives. The relationship between Guiscard and the papacy was usually ambivalent; Gregory VII’s support for the attack on the Byzantine empire in 1081—2 cooled rapidly and Robert’s efforts to save Gregory in 1084 were both flawed and subordinate to his wider military THE AGE OF ROBERT GUISCARD concerns. Although the island of Sicily was more thoroughly subdued than the mainland, here, as elsewhere, the regime which emerged was one which was largely founded on existing structures. Not only were the Normans a small minority in comparison with the peoples they subjected, relations between their leaders were fractious and competitive, and Robert Guiscard’s career, while spectacular, was only relatively successful. By the time of his death, the turbulent politics of southern Italy were still dominated by the 7 rivalries of major aristocratic families. 1 0 The book draws magnificently on its author’s remarkable knowledge 2 y both of southern Italian sources and of the region itself. Having published r a extensively on a great range of aspects of the history of southern Italy and u n a Sicily during the Norman period, Graham Loud’s effective use of his own J 9 and others’ researches to construct an up-to-date and thought-provoking 1 0 account is exceptionally welcome. As Dr Loud makes clear in his Conclu­ 1 : sion, the book’s significance extends far beyond the eleventh century since it 3 1 brings out extremely well the importance of changes which were to have an t a impact on the whole of western Europe. In analysing so effectively what ] o Robert Guiscard and his contemporaries did - and did not — achieve, this g e i book supplies an indispensable contribution to historical understanding of D n the Mediterranean regions and the later history of the kingdom of Sicily. a S a, David Bates i n r o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 1 0 2 y I realise with something of a shock that The Age of Robert Guiscard is the result r ua of some twenty-five years’ work on Norman Italy, from the time in 1974 n a when I took my first faltering (and very nervous) steps to commence re­ J 9 search on my doctorate. Inevitably, all the debts that have accrued during 1 0 that long period of gestation are far too numerous to record individually, 1 : even if I could remember them with the accuracy that they deserve. None 3 1 the less, some should be acknowledged here. t a First and foremost, the actual preparation and writing of this book have ] o taken much longer than I had originally intended, and I am indebted to the g e i forbearance of the series editor, David Bates, and of Andrew MacLennan, D n formerly history editor at what was then Longmans, with an author whose Sa prevarications must have been a sore trial to them. I am also grateful to a, David for contenting himself with the mildest of remonstrance at the even­ i n tual size of the manuscript. That this grew from the slim welterweight that r o f was first envisaged into a somewhat portly heavyweight is entirely my fault. i l a Chapter one was written while I was on study leave in the autumn of 1995, C f and chapters two to four during another period of leave in 1998 which was o y funded by a fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust. It is not just a duty but t si a pleasure to thank that organisation for its generosity. I must also thank r e v Jenny Hooper and Alan Murray, to whom I was able to abandon my stu­ i n dents with a clear conscience during these leaves, confident that they were U [ in safe and capable hands. y b I have over the years made many visits to southern Italy. This book has d e drawn upon the fruits of my archival research, even if perhaps not as much d a as it should have done, but especially from my work at the Badia di S. o nl Trinita di Cava, where I was warmly welcomed as far back as 1980 by the w late don Simeone Leone, and latterly by Sign. Enzo Cioffe. The British o D School at Rome generously granted me a research fellowship in 1990, for which I am very grateful. A number of people, but above all Errico Cuozzo, Edoardo and Daniela D’Angelo and Hubert and Marcella Houben, have welcomed me as a friend in what but for them might have seemed an alien environment. I have also been greatly helped — by advice, encouragement, gifts of publications and answers to importunate queries - by John Cowdrey,