_:2AN DIASPC:2A IN ASIAN TADE ROUTES AND CULTURAL MEMORIES Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya With a Foreword by Richard Pankhurst The Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston.Queenston.Lampeter Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jayasuriya, Shihan de S. The African diaspora in Asian trade routes and cultural memories / Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya ; with a foreword by Richard Pankhurst. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7734-3651-0 ISBN-10: 0-7734-3651-0 I. Africans—Asia—History. 2. African diaspora. 3. Africans--Migrations. 4. Asia-- Civilization--African influences. I. Title. DS28.A35J385 2010 305.896'05—dc22 2010010454 hors serie. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Front cover photo: Japanese Nanban Screen Paintings showing Africans with Portuguese in Japan Courtesy of Kobe City Museum, Japan Copyright © 2010 Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya All rights reserved. For information contact (cid:9) The Edwin Mellen Press The Edwin Mellen Press (cid:9) Box 450 Box 67 (cid:9) Lewiston, New York Queenston, Ontario (cid:9) USA 14092-0450 CANADA LOS ILO The Edwin Mellen Press, Ltd. Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales UNITED KINGDOM SA48 8LT Printed in the United States of America DEDICATION To My Uncle Vernon Wijetunge, QC who encouraged me to investigate the African presence in Asia CONTENTS List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations(cid:9) iii Foreword(cid:9) Professor Richard Pankhurst, OBE Preface(cid:9) vii Acknowledgements(cid:9) ix Chapter 1(cid:9) Movement of Africans in the Indian Ocean World(cid:9) 1 Free and Forced Migration(cid:9) 7 Patterns of Migration(cid:9) 4 Crossing Continents(cid:9) 14 Chapter 2(cid:9) Africans in Japan and China(cid:9) 17 Africans in Japan(cid:9) 17 Africans in China(cid:9) 20 Africans in the Pacific(cid:9) 27 Chapter 3(cid:9) A Slave Route to Southeast Asia(cid:9) 29 Delaware in Saint Augustine's Bay, Madagascar(cid:9) 32 Delaware at Anchor in Morandava(cid:9) 33 Delaware at Anchor in Massaleige(cid:9) 35 Delaware at Anchor in MannegaroHarbour: A Rebellion(cid:9) 35 Delaware sails towards Madras (South dia)(cid:9) 38 Delaware at Anchor in Madras(cid:9) 38 Delaware sails from Madras to Point de Calle (Sri Lanka) 39 Delaware sails from Point de Calle towards Bencoolen (Sumatra)(cid:9) 39 Delaware at Anchor in Bencoolen(cid:9) 39 Oceanic Crossings(cid:9) 39 East India Company in Sumatra(cid:9) 40 Establishing and Maintaining the Bencoolen Factory(cid:9) 42 East India Company Slaves in Sumatra(cid:9) 81 Chapter 4(cid:9) Emancipation of East India Company Slaves in Sumatra(cid:9) 83 Emancipation and the Effects of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty 83 Pensioners of the East India Company(cid:9) 93 The Fate of the East India Company Slaves(cid:9) 112 Chapter 5(cid:9) Africans in Sri Lanka(cid:9) 115 Portuguese Carriers(cid:9) 116 Africans in Dutch Ceylon(cid:9) 118 Africans and the British Regime(cid:9) 121 Effect of Abolition(cid:9) 125 Afro-Sri Lankans in a Post-Independent Setting(cid:9) 127 Chapter 6(cid:9) Africans as People-in-Between(cid:9) 131 Linguistic Adaptations(cid:9) 134 Languages in Contact (cid:9) 146 Linguistic Advantages(cid:9) 151 Chapter 7(cid:9) Cultural Memories: Roots and Routes of Migration(cid:9) 155 Spread of African Music and Dance(cid:9) 157 Significance of Artistic Expressions(cid:9) 171 Chapter 8(cid:9) Crossing Borders: Old Issues, New Perspectives(cid:9) 173 Bibliography(cid:9) 183 Index(cid:9) 195 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Cover Illustration Japanese Nanban Screen Paintings showing Africans with Portuguese in Japan (Courtesy of Kobe City Museum, Japan) Number of Slaves in Eighteenth and Nineteenth century Sumatra and Penang (Courtesy of Johan de Silva Jayasuriya) Afro-Sri Lankans playing Manhas in Sirambiyadiya, Puttalama (Collection: Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya) Map of Sri Lanka showing Puttalama, home of the largest community of Afro-Sri Lankans (Source: Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya, Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka. LUSOTOPIE, Journal of the University of Sorbonne, Paris, 2000). Egyptian Tanburah Player (Courtesy of Nubia Museum, Aswan, Egypt) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASP(cid:9) Aspect EIC(cid:9) East India Company GEN(cid:9) Genitive IF(cid:9) Indo-Portuguese IPC(cid:9) Indo-Portuguese of Ceylon Noun 0(cid:9) Object Subject SP(cid:9) Standard Portuguese SLPC(cid:9) Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole V(cid:9) Verb VOC(cid:9) Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie