ff The A ect Theory of Silvan Tomkins for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy The Affect Theory of Silvan Tomkins for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy explores central issues in current clinical work, using the theories put forward by SilvanTomkinsandpresentingthemindetail,aswellasintegratingthemwiththe mostup-to-dateneurosciencefindingsandinfancyresearch,allbasedonabiopsy- chosocial,dynamicsystemsapproach. Part I describes the essentials of life, based on our evolutionary and biological heritage, namely a need for a coherent understanding of one’s world and the capacity to act in that world; the infant’s capacities are described in detail as embodyingboth.Longitudinaldataisprovidedbeginningatbirthintothethirdyear oflife.PartIIreviewscurrentdebatesinpsychoanalysisrelatingtomotivation,and the lack of an internally consistent theory. Recent neuroscience findings are presented, which both negate drive theory, and support Tomkins’ theory. His theoryisthendescribedindetail.InPartIII,twocasehistoriesarepresented:one is a clinical case illustrating one of Tomkins’ affect-powered scripts. The second caseisdrawnfromalongitudinalstudyextendingfrombirthintoearlyadulthood, whichismadesenseofwiththehelpofTomkins’theory.Demosconcludeswitha look at competing approaches to theory and responds to recent cognitive-based attemptstodisprovebothTomkins’workandthelatestfindingsfromneuroscience. The Affect Theory of Silvan Tomkins for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy will appeal to psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists, as well as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and psychiatric nurses. E. Virginia Demos is a retired member of the clinical staff at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USA, who continues to work in private practice as a clinical psychologist. She also previously taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She is an authority on trauma and has also workedcloselywithSilvanTomkinsduringhercareer,editingExploringAffect: The Selected Writings of Silvan S. Tomkins (1995). Relational perspectives book series Series Editors Lewis Aron, Adrienne Harris, Steven Kuchuck & Eyal Rozmarin The Relational Perspectives Book Series (RPBS) publishes books that grow out of or contributetotherelationaltraditionincontemporarypsychoanalysis.Thetermrelational psychoanalysis was first used by Greenberg and Mitchell1 to bridge the traditions of interpersonal relations, as developed within interpersonal psychoanalysis and object relations,asdevelopedwithincontemporary British theory.But, undertheseminalwork of the late Stephen A. Mitchell, the term relational psychoanalysis grew and began to accruetoitselfmanyotherinfluencesanddevelopments.Varioustributaries—interperso- nal psychoanalysis, object relations theory, self-psychology, empirical infancy research, and elements of contemporary Freudian and Kleinian thought—flow into this tradition, which understands relational configurations between self and others, both real and fantasied,astheprimarysubjectofpsychoanalytic investigation. Werefertotherelationaltradition,ratherthantoarelationalschool,tohighlightthatwe areidentifyingatrend,atendencywithincontemporarypsychoanalysis,notamoreformally organizedorcoherentschoolorsystemofbeliefs.Ouruseofthetermrelationalsignifiesa dimension of theory and practice that has become salient across the wide spectrum of contemporarypsychoanalysis.NowundertheeditorialsupervisionofLewisAron,Adrienne Harris, Steven Kuchuck, and Eyal Rozmarin, the Relational Perspectives Book Series originatedin1990undertheeditorialeyeofthelateStephenA.Mitchell.Mitchellwasthe most prolific and influential of the originators of the relational tradition. Committed to dialogueamongpsychoanalysts,heabhorredtheauthoritarianismthatdictatedadherenceto arigidsetofbeliefsortechnicalrestrictions.Hechampionedopendiscussion,comparative andintegrativeapproaches,andpromotednewvoicesacrossthegenerations. IncludedintheRelationalPerspectivesBookSeriesareauthorsandworksthatcomefrom withintherelationaltradition,extendanddevelopthattradition,aswellasworksthatcritique relational approaches or compare and contrast it with alternative points of view. The series includesourmostdistinguishedseniorpsychoanalysts,alongwithyoungercontributorswho bring fresh vision. A full list of titles in this series is available at www.routledge.com/ mentalhealth/series/LEARPBS Note 1 Greenberg, J. & Mitchell, S. (1983). Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Cambridge, MA:HarvardUniversityPress. ff The A ect Theory of Silvan Tomkins for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy Recasting the Essentials E. Virginia Demos First published 2019 by Routledge 2Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2019E.VirginiaDemos The right of E. Virginia Demosto be identified as author of this workhasbeen asserted byher inaccordance with sections77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rightsreserved. No part of thisbookmay be reprinted or reproduced or utilised inany form orbyany electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known orhereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in anyinformation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from thepublishers. Trademark notice: Product orcorporate namesmay be trademarksor registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanationwithout intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for thisbookis available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Demos, E. Virginia, author. Title: Theaffect theory of SilvanTomkinsforpsychoanalysis and psychotherapy : recasting the essentials / E. Virginia Demos. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ;New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Relational perspectives book series | Includesbibliographical referencesand index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018045595 (print) | LCCN 2018046612 (ebook) | ISBN 9780203835913(Master) | ISBN 9781136859809 (Adobe) | ISBN 9781136859793 (ePub) | ISBN 9781136859755 (Mobipocket) | ISBN 9780415886499 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780415886505 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Tomkins, Silvan S. (SilvanSolomon), 1911- | Affect (Psychology) | Psychoanalysis. | Psychotherapy. Classification: LCC BF531 (ebook) | LCC BF531.D43882019 (print) | DDC 150.19/5–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018045595 ISBN: 978-0-415-88649-9(hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-88650-5(pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-83591-3(ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK To my parents, in memory of their deep caring and understanding. This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 PARTI Early beginnings: basic essentials, neonatal capacities, and longitudinal data on two infant girls into their third year of life 7 1 Newdevelopmentalparadigms 9 2 Basichumanpriorities 32 3 Longitudinalstudies 56 PARTII Critical review of psychoanalytic theories of motivation, integration of current neuroscience, and Silvan Tomkins’ comprehensive affect theory 93 4 Motivationtheoryreformulated 95 5 SilvanTomkins’affecttheory 122 6 SilvanTomkins’scripttheory:atheoryofpersonality 163 viii Contents PARTIII Two case presentations: clinical case and longitudinal case from birth into adulthood illustrating an affect-driven script as defined by Tomkins 189 7 Revisitingtherepetitioncompulsion 191 8 Traumaandtheanti-toxicscript 228 Concludingcomments 257 Afterword 269 Bibliography 275 Index 287 Acknowledgments First of all, I want to acknowledge the steady emotional support of my husband, John, throughout the years it took me to write this book. He read every word of this volume and made many useful editorial suggestions. He has always, during our fifty-five years of marriage, supported my work and valued my mind. We have shared much during all these years. I want to thank Lewis Aron, who, after reading one of my published comments, wrote and asked me if I wanted to write a book for his series; an invitation I eagerly accepted. He has been very patient, supportive, responding to all of my questions, and enthusiastic throughout this process, including suggesting various titles for this book. I am indebted to the Austen Riggs Hospital, first for inviting me to be an Erickson Scholar, and then allowing me to become a senior staff member, given my non-standard background in infancy work and long- itudinal studies, and having received my training in psychodynamics from the self-psychologists. I was there during the directorship of Edward Shapiro who urged us all to take up our authority, which provided important support for strengthening our courage in our work with patients and with each other. I learned a great deal, both from my colleagues and my patients. In many ways my time there felt like coming home to the deepest emotional parts of myself. I have only recently retired from hospital work and I miss it terribly. There is no substitute in real life for that kind of deep work. I would also like to acknowledge the help I received from the current librarianatRiggs,GregoryD.Farr,MLIS,CA,inlocatingstrayreferences