THE ABOLITION OF INTERMARRIAGE IN EZRA 10 AND THE ETHNIC IDENTITY OF THE POSTEXILIC JUDEAN COMMUNITY: A HERMENEUTIC STUDY By Bonifácio Paulo Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of the Master of Theology in the Faculty of Theology at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof L. C. Jonker December 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. Signature: …………………………………………….. Date: December 2014 Copyright(cid:3)© (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:3)Stellenbosch University All rights reserved® i Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The present study seeks to examine the abolition of intermarriage according to Ezra 10 by asking the question as to what were the compelling reasons for such a social crisis, and to demonstrate its possible implications to ethnic identity in the postexilic Judean community. In order to accomplish this purpose, the researcher has chosen to use an integrated method which allows him to bring different exegetical approaches into dialogue, bearing in mind that the canonical narratives are an outcome of a long process of redaction of both oral and written traditions done by different editors from different socio-historical contexts. It is through this method that this research highlights the following outcomes: first, from a canonical point of view, the final editors understood the exilic experience as an objective outcome of the intermarriage phenomenon which led the Israelites into a complete loss of their group identity, namely – being a Yahwistic community, and it was, therefore, the responsibility of the returnees to avoid, at any cost, letting history repeat itself. Second, the phenomenon of intermarriage in the Hebrew Bible has to be approached from a diachronic perspective. Unlike the patriarchal and deuteronomistic traditions in which intermarriage was about morality and apostasy respectively, in the context of the postexilic community this topic was all about purity – a strong zeal for temple and worship, as particularly witnessed in the priestly tradition. Third, from the fact that these canonical narratives took shape in socio- historical settings where, in addition to the religious factor, there were also other reasons such as political and socio-economic, which contributed significantly not only to the dismissal of those intermarriages, but also to the negotiation of a group identity of the Second Temple addressee. In other words, in response to those socio-historical circumstances, the returnees were compelled to divorce and dismiss their foreign wives and, at the same time, they were shaping their group identity, which came to be known as Judaism. ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Hierdie studie poog om die verbod op ondertrouery soos uitgebeeld in Esra 10 te ondersoek deur te vra wat die dwingende redes vir so 'n sosiale krisis was, en om die moontlike implikasies vir etniese identiteit in die posteksiliese Judese gemeenskap te demonstreer. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik, het die navorser gekies om 'n geïntegreerde metode waarin verskillende eksegetiese benaderings in gesprek gebring word, te gebruik, terwyl in gedagte hou word dat die kanonieke verhale die uitkoms was van 'n lang proses van redaksie van beide mondelinge en geskrewe tradisies, deur verskillende redakteurs uit verskillende sosio- historiese kontekste. Dit is deur middel van hierdie metode dat die navorsing die volgende uitkomste beklemtoon: eerstens, vanuit 'n kanonieke oogpunt, het die finale redakteurs die ballingskapservaring as 'n objektiewe uitkoms van die ondertrouery verstaan wat die Israeliete tot 'n volledige verlies van hul groepsidentiteit as Jahwistiese gemeenskap gelei het, en dit was dus die verantwoordelikheid van die teruggekeerdes om ten alle koste te vermy dat die geskiedenis homself herhaal. Tweedens, die verskynsel van ondertrouery in die Hebreeuse Bybel moet ook vanuit 'n diachroniese perspektief benader word. In teenstelling met die patriargale en deuteronomistiese tradisies waarin ondertrouery oor die boeg van onderskeidelik moraliteit en godsdienstige afvalligheid verstaan is, handel dit in die konteks van die posteksiliese gemeenskap eerder oor reinheid – 'n sterk ywer vir tempel en die erediens soos veral met die priesterlike tradisie geassosieer. Derdens, vanweë die feit dat hierdie kanoniese verhale vorm aangeneem het in sosio-historiese omstandighede waarin, benewens die godsdienstige faktor, daar ook ander faktore, soos die politieke en sosio- ekonomiese, ‘n belangrike rol gespeel het, het hierdie verhale aansienlik bygedra nie net tot die verbod op ondertrouery nie, maar ook tot die onderhandeling van die groepsidentiteit van die Tweede Tempel gemeenskap. Met ander woorde, in reaksie op die sosio-historiese omstandighede, was die teruggekeerdes verplig om te skei en hul vreemde vroue te ontslaan, terwyl hul terselfdertyd bygedra het tot die vorming van ‘n groepsidentiteit wat bekendstaan as Judaïsme. iii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Table of Content Declaration ......................................................................................................................... i Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii Opsomming ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Content............................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1 Background, Research problem, and Methodology ................................................................ 1 1.1. Introduction and Motivation for Study .................................................................... 1 1.2. Literature Study on the Fall of Jerusalem and beyond .............................................. 4 1.3. The Postexilic Community, its Literature, and its Views on Intermarriage ............. 15 1.4. Problem Statement and Research Questions .......................................................... 24 1.5. Hypothesis ............................................................................................................ 26 1.6. Methodology ......................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................ 29 Literary Analysis ................................................................................................................. 29 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 29 2.2. Chronology and Authenticity ................................................................................ 30 2.3. Narrative Analysis of Ezra .................................................................................... 32 2.3.1. The First Division/Plot (Ezra 1-6) .................................................................. 35 2.3.2. The Second Division/Plot (Ezra 7-10) ............................................................ 41 iv Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 2.4. Key Terms ............................................................................................................ 48 2.4.1. The peoples of the lands ................................................................................. 49 2.4.2. The Eight nations ........................................................................................... 51 2.4.3. Foreign Women ............................................................................................. 51 2.4.4. Holy Seed ...................................................................................................... 54 2.4.5. Divorce .......................................................................................................... 55 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 58 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................ 61 Ezra 10 in the context of Ezra-Nehemiah’s Writings ........................................................... 61 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 61 3.2. Historicity of Ezra’s Writings................................................................................ 62 3.3. The Relationship between Ezra and Nehemiah’s Writings ..................................... 65 3.4. Ezra 10 in Relation to Ezra 1-6.............................................................................. 69 3.5. Ezra 10 in Relation to Ezra 7-9.............................................................................. 75 3.6. The Editorial Influences in Ezra 7-10 .................................................................... 78 3.7. Ezra 10 in the context of the Nehemiah writings ................................................... 87 3.8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 91 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................ 93 Ezra 10 in Broader Literary Contexts .................................................................................. 93 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 93 4.2. Intermarriage from the Pentateuch Point of View .................................................. 96 v Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 4.2.1. Patriarchal Narratives ..................................................................................... 97 4.2.2. Deuteronomistic Rationale ........................................................................... 102 4.2.3. The Priestly Motivation................................................................................ 106 4.3. Intermarriage from the Prophetic Rationale ......................................................... 109 4.4. Intermarriage in Other Biblical Writings ............................................................. 110 4.4.1. The writings of Ruth .................................................................................... 110 4.4.2. The writings of Esther .................................................................................. 115 4.4.3. Proverbs 1-9................................................................................................. 116 4.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 5 .......................................................................................................................... 119 Socio-historical Context of Ezra ........................................................................................ 119 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 119 5.2. The Myth of the Empty Land .............................................................................. 123 5.3. The Migratory Phenomenon ................................................................................ 130 5.4. Marriage in the Ancient Near East....................................................................... 133 5.4.1. Marriage in the Palestinian Jewish Community ............................................ 134 5.4.2. Marriage in the Diaspora .............................................................................. 138 5.5. Possible Reasons for the Abolition of Intermarriages in Ezra 10 .......................... 141 5.5.1. Socio–Economic .......................................................................................... 143 5.5.2. Political ....................................................................................................... 145 5.5.3. Religious...................................................................................................... 146 vi Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za 5.6. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 148 Chapter 6 .......................................................................................................................... 150 Ezra 10 and Identity Formation ......................................................................................... 150 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 150 6.1.1. Ethnicity ...................................................................................................... 151 6.1.2. Ethnic Boundaries ........................................................................................ 152 6.2. Identity Formation and Ezra’s Recipients in the Second Temple Community ...... 153 6.2.1. The Temple .................................................................................................. 154 6.2.2. Yahwism...................................................................................................... 156 6.2.3. Torah ........................................................................................................... 157 6.2.4. Nehemiah’s Wall ......................................................................................... 159 6.2.5. Sabbath ........................................................................................................ 160 6.2.6. Genealogy .................................................................................................... 161 6.2.7. Language ..................................................................................................... 162 6.2.8. Judaism ........................................................................................................ 163 6.3. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 166 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 168 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 172 vii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Chapter 1 Background, Research problem, and Methodology 1.1. Introduction and Motivation for Study Ezra 10 witnesses to the abolition of intermarriage in the postexilic restoration community. This chapter, which has been called a “text of terror” by some scholars (particularly feminist biblical scholars), remains a topic of much discussion and scholarly debate. Does this text reflect the historical reality of the time? Why was intermarriage abolished? What implications did this text have in the circumstances of the postexilic era? And what implications does this text hold for present communities, particularly in their dealings with the issue of intermarriage which is also a modern-day phenomenon? These are some of the difficult questions that are prompted by this biblical text. One may investigate this chapter in various ways which may all provide valuable insights into the understanding of the text. In order to limit down the present study, however, the aim is not to do an all-encompassing study which approaches the text from all possible and valid angles. It is rather more modest, namely to investigate the driving motivation for the abolition of intermarriage as narrated in Ezra 10 and to establish what were its implications to ethnic identity in the Second Temple Judean Community. The researcher’s motivation to do this study comes from two different directions. First, John Piper, the pastor at Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis wrote: “Opposition to interracial marriage is one of the deepest roots of racial distance, disrespect and hostility. Show me one place in the world where interracial or interethnic marriage is frowned upon and yet the two groups still have equal respect and honor and opportunity. I don’t think it exists. It won’t happen. Why? Because the supposed specter of interracial marriage demands that barrier after barrier must be put up to keep young people from knowing each other and falling in love” (Piper, 2007). Piper describes a racial situation in the USA and many other places around the world. In the researcher’s context (Mozambique), the situation is quite similar, mainly on the tribal and church denominational levels. The Christian community, in particular, finds it difficult to accept intermarriage of people from different tribes and church denominations, even if they are of the same Christian faith. Young people, for example, are encouraged to marry someone from their own tribe and church circle. As a result, most 1 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za church denominations are identified with certain tribes and regions. The church also tends to be an ancestral church, the church of the forefathers, where the church members and leadership are to some extent only those who are tribally and regionally related. Moreover, like many other African countries with the great influence of missionary churches, people who accept Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Savior while living a polygamous life are advised to divorce one/some of their wives, remain with only one, then join the church. Otherwise, in some churches, such people are never allowed to take part of any sacrament, such as baptism and Holy Communion. These churches move in a different direction from that of John Wesley who describes sacraments as means of grace. David Rainey, in his article “The Future of the Wesleyan Theology with a Missional Agenda: Reconciliation and the Eucharist” describes well John Wesley’s Eucharist Theology when he stated: “… that the Lord’s Supper was ordained by God to be a means of conveying to men either preventing or justifying, or sanctifying grace … that no fitness is required at the time of communicating but a sense of our state, of our utter sinfulness and helplessness; everyone who knows he is fit for hell being just fit to come to Christ… Now the mission of the church has been identified. At the Lord’s Table all are invited and depending on a person’s spiritual state, it is possible to experience the awareness of sin and the need of Christ – preventing grace, or a conversion to Christ – justifying grace, or growth in holiness – sanctifying grace” (2014:4). In other more conservative churches this view is ignored. For that reason, some of those polygamists find it easier to leave the church and never come back again to faith. Acknowledging how difficult and problematic this issue has been and continues to be for the Church in general, Bedru Hussein posed some very crucial questions, “How then can the church be sensitive to the people and be faithful to the Bible? If polygamy is prohibited in the church, who is going to give care for the abandoned wives and their children? When a polygamous husband becomes a Christian does it mean the rest of his household will be lost?” (Hussein, 2002:82). A second motivation is the following: Many African Theologians have used Ezra-Nehemiah texts in their quest for a theology of renewal and reconstruction. According to Elelwani Farisani, some of these theologians only listen to the voice of the narrator and do not put an effort into hearing the voice of the silenced ones. In this case of Ezra 10, this is what he said, “Moreover, there are in Ezra-Nehemiah women who were forcefully divorced from their husbands. The fact that we do not hear their cry does not mean that they did not cry nor does it mean that they approved of their oppression, rather their silence is due to the fact that they 2