University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research Winter 1967 The Aaron Burr Trial Claudia Bell Follow this and additional works at:http://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Recommended Citation Bell, Claudia, "The Aaron Burr Trial" (1967).Honors Theses.Paper 398. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND LIBRARIES 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 3 3082 00688 8159 THE AARON BURR TRIAL by Claudia Bell typed by Susie Johnston Honors Paper December 19, 1967 PREFACE The Aaron Burr trial was one of the most interesting cases in American history. Not only was the testimony at the inquiry significant but all events leading to the trial were important. Only those occurrences in Burr 1 s life which led to his tria 1 a re des.crihe.d;-. since perronal situations have no bearing on the case. The trial itself has been clone with as nm.ch detail as possible in order to make the outcome of the inquest understandable. TABLE OF CDNTENTS CHAPTER PAGE . . . . . . . . . . I. BACKGROUND • • • • • • • • . 1 . . II. INDICTMElIT B2FORE TP..E GR.Ai'JD JURY • .13 . . III. TRIAL BUJRE THE PEI'IT JURY. • .22 . . . IV. SUhMARY. • .33 . . FOOTNOTES. • .37 BIBLIOGRAPHY • .43 CP.AP'I'ER 1 BAGKGROillm One of the most iT!T_!)Ortant events of 1807 was the .Aaron Burr trial. by the final day of the inquest a dispute between the judicial and exec- utive branches of the federal government had been brought to a head and the consr,ructive definition of treason had been negated. Viewers saw a conflict between the President of the United States and the Chief Justice, and between the defendent at the trial and the Hepublican administra c.ion. Durin6 the trial men perjured themselves for money or for prc:stige whereas others fo1:ight for the honor of a man who had formerly been praised by the citizens of the United Static.s. The trial W<::S destined to become one of the most disputP.d cases in United States history. The presidential election of 1800 marked the first of r:iany events which culminated in the Aa~on .burr trial. riecause of a tie in electoral votes between. tbe candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the decision as to wb.o vrould be the next chief executive had to go to the House of 1 Representatives. The Twelfth Amendment tot he Constitution rer::edied the situation of a ti8 in electoral votes by creating separRte ballots for the election of president and vice- president. Antagonism rieveloped between these tuo men when the Federalists, excluding the Federalist leader, Alexander Hanilton, threu their support behind Burr, hoping that 2 he would sup~iort their ;~olicy. As dislike greu between the candidates, J_ 2 .burr, who h'aci thought of himself only as. vice-president and then found hir.1self running, against his wishes, for president, went to Jef_:_·erson to assure him that he (Burr) would support a Jeffersonian administration and ,coula not divert one vote from the true presidential candidate. Jefferson was sure of Burr 1 s honorable concm,~t until his good friend and astute politician, J2mes Hadison, insisted that Burr's men had in some way paici the Federalists. Jefferson would had lost the election if he had not had the support of Alexander Harnilton who hated end mis trusted Burr more than he disliked tTeffcrson.3 In the years Following, the estrangement grew between these two r11en, until, in 1804, when Burr was running for governor of New York, the Hepub-licans accused the gubernatoria 1 candidate of b.qine; votes from the Feuera lists. l+ '.!.'his 1 enmity reached its peak in the 1807 trial. When Thomas Jefferson took the office of Prt:sident b lbOl, he besan his assault on the judiciary. He incluued in his attack the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Harshall, who had been appointed Chief Jnstice in January, 1304, and was soon to be a lawyer of Great renown. Previously the H.epublicans had succeeded in passing a law which again. Teguirecl alLjustices to ride circuit.5 Ironically , this law was the very one .. which brought the Chief Justice of the Su .., reme Co11rt to preside over the Aaron Burr trial. '.i.'he President ·was sensitive and almost afraid of the critidsm that he received from the Supreme Court. He att0cked llarshall s effort to write a bioc;raphy of George Washington 1 11fri~::;idity 116 and accuseci :iii:; of having toward lfoerty. During Jefferson's first term of office as chief executive, his vice-president, Aaron Durr, took part in. a duel, in l~i04, uith Alexander Har:15.lton, which resulted in the death of the Federal:..st loader. Because 3 of the duel, Burr became a political outcast and was forced -Go leave the government af:ter makin:; bis farewell speech to the Senate. At the time burr left the government, his supporters said that he had set'ved with honesty, ~mereas others were suspicious of his actions. After Burr -withdrew as vice-president, he be5an to conce±:ve of an ex- pansion into the Spanish territorities of Eexico and .Florida which 7 eventually led to his trial for treason. The idea of attacking Spanish possee>s~.ons was not an orisinal idea uHr1 Burr. Previously the Hiranda Plot, narr.ed after the chief perpetrator of the plot, Francisco de i1iranda, originating in the United S.tates, was discovered whereby armed vessels weru to capture Spanish Caraccas. Since the fe "eral government did not want any trouble uith Spain, it 1 halted the plot and ordAred those arrested prosecuteu for violation of the neutrality law of 1793 which had been passed to keep the United Strites 8 out of war wivh European countries. Aaron rurr was later unjustly accused of plotting to div.ide the Union. f.ven this plan had been discussed in eovernment circles, as well as private citizens. The ?eclcralists spoke of dividing the b.)r United States in lt304, anc.i many settlers b,eyond the All(;gheny desired a separate country.9 Also, ·_,_'homas Jefferson himself said that some of the states, meaning Louisiana a.id t>..entuch.-y, might be better off as a senarate entity. He said, 11God bless them uoth, and keep them in Union if it be .-~·or their good but sepanate them if it be better. rrlO After pis 1004 fare.:ell speech, Aaron 13ua ,beban his fil'St trip ttroµgh the \fost. He 3aw that the ;;pirit of e}.tiansl.on was uictespread_ in _:.he \-Jest; that many ·;v.,;~terners were eager for war w:d;li Spain to re-_taliate for comr.1ercial and territorial grievances; and that no st were 4 , 11 .. eager f or aaventure. lnth such encouragement, Burr bet;;an to draw u, plans fo:r an in"'-' sion of He::=ico. He told the uesterners that the federal government would feel no need to interfere with his plans because an invasion would take place (mly when the inevitDble war with Spain broi:e out. If a clash with Spain did not materialize, then Burr and his men uould settle the Bastrop lands on the Hoshita rt.iver in the Louisiana 'i1e1-ritory (now Texas and Oklahoma), uhich iiurr had brought 12 from Colonel Livingston. In order to finance this expedition, burr needed money which he did not have in his possession. Since Burr could not obtain as much money as he needed from friends, J-1e concocted two outlandish tales whereby he could procure money frora foreign governments. Burr's first appeal for funds uas on Augustls, ll504, to Anthony Herry, the l3ritish foreign minister in vJashington. Since Great liritain desired the separa- t:ion of the western land~> from the rest of the Unit~d St2tes, ilurr proposed to lend his ;:issistance to effect this separation. In Harch, 1805, in order to further convince Eerry to give support, ~,he foreicn min- ister was told that the inhabitants of Louisiana desired to sE:parc:ite 1 but were .,_,raitint; for foreign assistance. 3 Hhen the .snglish grew suspicious of these endeavors, the adventurer turned to Spain for aid. Again he pro;-;osed a plan for se,:aratim to Don Carlos lfartinez de Yrujo, Harquis de Ca sea Yrujo, an influential Spanish official. Spain wanted more than a separation, so a plan was put forth to infiltrate y.J'ashington with .i:mrr1 s men; to sieze the president and vice-presicent; and to take over the public money and arsenal. If the plan did not uork, Burr uould take ships and men to lh establish the independence of Louisiana and c,he \!est. Although the plans were purely propaganda and were used only to t;ain the support of forei:i$n nations, they gave rise to 1·rild speculations convincinG sof.1e 5 that Burr was really involved in treasonable designs. In a,.idition to needit1;; nuney, Aaron Burr needed men for the expe "Th o (l')(L.$ dition. He tried to interest Commodore\! i'ruxtun, a leadin,; officer in the nnvy, who, although he actually never gave any support, also uas hostile to Jefferson.15 Andrew Jackson, destined to become president of the United Stater;, supported the cause by loaning noney to Burr and by writing let~ers of introducticJn to officials in various cic.ies, such as 16 New Orleans. General James Wilkinson, comr.1ander at New Orleans, was to be second in command. He helped l:3urr recruit men ana gather supplies.17 l:Jome authorities have even speculated that he mic;ht have Ueen the one who suggested the plo::. to Burr. Friends such as hatthew Davis, who later compiled Bur21s memoirs, and Samuel Swartwuu~, an impressionable young man who worshipped i'Jili~inson and oecame Burr 1 s· messenger, joined the enter- 18 prise along with men from the Uest. Burr Has introduced to the wife of Hermon Blennerhassett, whose husband was an immigrant from Irebnd. After becoming a close friend O'f Hrs. Blennerhassett, Burr used Blenner- hassett 1 s island on the Ohio TLiver in the territo:rJ of Vir,~inia as the 19 base for nll his operations anc~ training programs. These Vien and r.iore joined for friendship's sake, for glory:, and for tb.3 promise:; of land • .At no time did Burr openly <::dvocate to them an inv,~sion of Eexico with- out a war with Spain, nor did he so much as hint to anyone that he intended 20 to separate the western states fror:, the Union. :News of Burr's arrangements began to filter to the East and to thB President. In January, i::;o6, Colonel Joseph Hauilton "9:viess, United States District Attorney for l\e;1tucky, w::ote to the President about Imrr 1 s . 21 d es1gns. Then General James L<>ton, ~!t~o had asked l'urr if he could be second in comr.1and and had been denied the post, went.. to Jefferson with his story. Eaton had heard that the former vice-president wished b to divide the country but did not say.a word about this to Jefferson. Instead, he suggested that Burr was a dangerous nan and should be appointed as a i'oreign miniGter to get him out of the country. However, Eaton did tell Congress about Burr's plans hoping that this body wou.ld reimburse him (Eaton) for his Barbery States exploits whi.le a havy 2.2 agent. Even with all the inrormation he had received, by March the President still was not alarmed. For three months he mulled over t.he information, instead of immediately sending out agents to look into any traitorous designs or to stop any plot that had been formed. Then, in April, 1806, when word of Jefferson's exsiloits with Alexander Hamilton in the 1800 election came to light, the President, thinking that Burr had disclosed this news to the press, decided t.o luok into po:ssible treasonable designs. By the that he sent John to the tL~e Graha~ area to investigate, rumors about Burr were beginning to get out of hand. Because of these rumors General Wilkinson was told to repel an invasion of Spain. Later Jei'ferson sert Andrew Jackson to uncover any inrorma- t.ion but when Jackson's report. said that Burr had only ten boats manned 23: by unarmed men, the President put it aside. During the sur.uner of 1806 Burr and his associates thought. that Wilkinson was a loyal member of the group that would invade He:dco J but actually, the General was beginning to witharaw rrom the conspiracy. Partly on the orders of the President and parvly on his own init.iative, wi.Lkinson began to negiotiate wir.n the Spanish, com.'Ilanded by Cordero, to remove their troops from the disputed area around r,he :::>abine River. For so:ne unkr..own reason, the Spam.sh withdrew ir. the autumn of .ll:Su6 on their own accord. Because of the Spanish withdrawal, llillcinson deciued that the Burr pl.ut w: .:iuld eventually fai.L and therefore, he would be wise to c.ise:'.1gage himself fro:n the conspiracy or he would be arrested