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THABO MBEKI’S AFRICAN AGENDA: POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STYLE AND IDEAS FOR GLOBAL REFORM by Naseera Noor-Mahomed 200800718 MINOR-DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTERS IN PHILOSOPHY in MANAGEMENT (LEADERSHIP IN EMERGING COUNTRIES) in the DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PEOPLE MANAGEMENT in the FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISORS: Prof. C. Landsberg and Dr. R. Viljoen Those who complete the course will do so only because they do not, as fatigue sets in, convince themselves that the road ahead is still too long, the inclines too steep, the loneliness impossible to bear and the prize itself of doubtful value. -Thabo Mbeki, Address to the Nation, 21 September 2008 2 DECLARATION: I, Naseera Noor-Mahomed, do hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that all the sources contained in this dissertation have been accurately reported and acknowledged using the APA sixth edition referencing style, as stipulated by the Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management; and that this document has not previously, either in its entirety or in part, been submitted at any university in order to obtain an academic qualification. Signed on this_________________________day of______________________2016 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with tears in my eyes and joy in my heart that I thank Allah the Comforter and Protector for allowing me to embark on this privileged path, for listening to me at all times of the day and night, and for bestowing His countless and choicest blessings upon me. I ask Allah the Almighty to continue to strengthen my character and to sanctify my journey with wondrous and beneficial knowledge. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Prof Landsberg. I will forever remember his call on that warm Friday afternoon, as it brought with it hope and opportunity. Thank you for remembering me and believing in me. I thank you for your unwavering support, your consistent messages of encouragement, and your passion for hard work. I would like to convey my gratitude and appreciation to Dr Rica. Your warm nature and dedication have served to inspire me. I thank you for exposing me to new ways of thinking. I thank you for your meticulous approach to my research and for your bursts of bliss and optimism. Thank you to Mr Jan Nel for editing this work and for dealing with my inconsistent emails with patience and courtesy. I would like to thank Dr Hewitt for her tireless efforts, and all the participants that helped to shape the findings of this research- how incredible it has been to have met you all. To my parents, Madinee Ahmed and Rabia, I am truly blessed and honoured to have parents like you. Thank you for being my mighty rocks and my wells of love and support. Dad I appreciated you asking: “How many more pages left?” every time I would walk by to my room. Mom, I found comfort in the way in which you would calmly say: “It’s going to be fine, just keep working and trust in Allah the Almighty”. To Nabila, Mahomed Ismail and Nafeesa, thank you for being my confidants and my pillars of strength. It is with your astounding love that I was able to keep typing. I remain motivated by your individual aspirations. To my late grandmothers and dear cousin Nadia, thank you for lighting the way. To all my family and friends, I thank you for your support and heartfelt prayers. To the Karjieker family, thank you for your steadfast belief in my ability, for your generosity 4 and kindness, and above all for being family. To Mrs Suraya Bibi Khan, Mr Anver Mohamed, Prof Kondlo, Mrs Rae Israel, and to my students and their families I thank you for your rich conversations, your wisdom and your unflinching confidence- you have enriched this journey. To my colleagues (Thabang, Laurette, Mushi and Mmatsatsi) who became my friends, I thank you for your camaraderie. 5 ABSTRACT Mbeki was credited for having established institutions and programmes both domestically and abroad to assist in the development and growth of Africa. He also shared his vision of an African Renaissance and wanted the people of Africa to become independent thinkers, leaders and decision makers. Although Mbeki received international acclaim as the African champion and leader, he did not always receive such admiration domestically, as his political leadership style was often criticised for being too distant, aloof and technocratic (Glaser, 2010). This research sought to examine Thabo Mbeki’s ideas for global reform and to identify his political leadership style from June 1999 when he became president of the Republic of South Africa until September 2008 when he was recalled as president of the African National Party (ANC). In order to examine the research efficiently, five research objectives were included: i) to study Thabo Mbeki’s Pan-Africanist vision and ideas for global reform; ii) to develop a pragmatic understanding of how Thabo Mbeki navigated and implemented his African Agenda and ideas for global reform; iii) to identify Thabo Mbeki’s political leadership style; iv) to analyse the factors that influenced Thabo Mbeki’s political leadership style; v) to assess whether Thabo Mbeki’s political leadership style was effective. A qualitative research approach was employed. The research strategy included a single case study in the form of a life history. The study used a political life history of Thabo Mbeki, in-depth semi-structured interviews, as well as solicited documents and literature to collect and analyse data for exploration and insight into the inquiry. Content analysis was used as an analytical technique. The findings of the study were presented, analysed and synthesised according to the findings in the literature and the theoretical framework. The research revealed that Mbeki had ambitious ideas for global reform and had a strong Pan-Africanist vision, these ideals were informed by his parents and the thinking of his mentors: O.R. Tambo, Walter Sisulu and Duma Nokwe. The research also confirmed that Mbeki implemented and drove his idea for global reform through the establishment of 6 institutions and by sharing his vision of an African Renaissance. According to the research, Mbeki’s political leadership style is aligned with the orange thinking system within the spiral dynamics theory. The research revealed that Mbeki shared in a consultative leadership approach, along with attributes such as being ambitious, aspirational, and authoritative. The research further revealed that Mbeki political leadership style may be deemed effective as he built institutions and programmes that remain recognisable; his vision of an African Renaissance remains relevant among the people of Africa; and he established effective economic policies during his time in government. However, Mbeki’s top-down approach to leadership can also be deemed as ineffective, as he was unable to build a strong coalition and this resulted in his recall as president of the Republic; he was also not able to convey his strategies effectively, as well as his thinking and his tactics to the people at large. Keywords: leadership, political leadership, leadership style, ideas, global reform, African Renaissance, Pan Africanist vision, Thabo Mbeki 7 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DISSERTATION: AASROC: Asian-African Sub-Regional Conference AEC: African Economic Community ANC: African National Congress APRM: African Peer Review Mechanism AU: African Union DIRCO: Department of International Relations and Co-operation EU: European Union GEAR: Growth Employment and Redistribution IBSA: India-Brazil-South Africa IMF: International Monetary Fund NAASP: New Asian-African Strategic Partnership NEC: National Executive Committee NEPAD: New Partnership for African Development PAP: Pan African Parliament SADC: Southern African Development Community TMALI: Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute UN: United Nations 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Different Human Niches .................................................................. 31 9