Textile Wastewater Treatment Edited by E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar and Ayşegül Ekmekci Körlü Textile Wastewater Treatment Edited by E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar and Ayşegül Ekmekci Körlü Published by ExLi4EvA Copyright © 2016 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Technical Editor AvE4EvA MuViMix Records Cover Designer ISBN-10: 953-51-2543-5 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2543-3 Print ISBN-10: 953-51-2542-7 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2542-6 C ontents Preface Chapter 1 A Review of State-of-the-Art Technologies in Dye- Containing Wastewater Treatment – The Textile Industry Case by Serkan Arslan, Murat Eyvaz, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel Chapter 2 Immobilized Enzymes – Characteristics and Potential Applications in Synthetic Dye Color Removal by Farrukh Jamal and Sangram Singh Chapter 3 Effect of Inorganic Additives in the Textile Dyes Removal by Ozonation by Arizbeth Pérez, Tatiana Poznyak and Isaac Chairez Chapter 4 Bioremediation and Detoxification Technology for Treatment of Dye(s) from Textile Effluent by Uma Shankar Prasad Uday, Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay and Biswanath Bhunia Chapter 5 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Remediation of Wastewater Polluted by Indigoid Dyes by Enrico Mendes Saggioro, Anabela Sousa Oliveira and Josino Costa Moreira Preface During the dyeing process, losses of colorants to the water sources can be toxic and mutagenic and also decreases light penetration and photosynthesis activity. In recent years, since textile industry can generate large volumes of effluents, textile wastewater treatments have received considerable attention. The aim of this book is to look into textile wastewater treatments shortly. It is designed for readers who study on textile dyeing effluent. Chapter 1 A Review of State-of-the-Art Technologies in Dye- Containing Wastewater Treatment – The Textile Industry Case Serkan Arslan, Murat Eyvaz, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64140 Abstract Recently, new single or hybrid/combined processes have attracted much attention for treatment of textile and dyeing wastewaters. These processes which may be termed as “state of the art technologies” are membrane separation processes, ultra‐ sonic, photochemical and electrochemical processes. Although the conventional methods still have been tried with some new materials such as, new adsorbents or coagulants, employing the new generation methods such as, electrocagulation-elec‐ trooxidation, sonooxidation or photo oxidation are gaining in popularity when the treatment of textile wastewaters is discussed. The purpose of the book chapter is to bring an overview on the new treatment methods for textile wastewaters, one of the most important source of environmental pollution. Despite the fact that there is no uniform standard currently, many countries have legalized some strict discharging standards and scientists and researchers face new technologies including electrical, sonic, magnetic, optical and thermal methods. Although many researches on treat‐ ment of synthetic or real wastewaters with various methods are available, very few researches have been carried out on the cutting-edge technologies. Moreover, there are a lot of review article or book chapters on textile wastewater treatment process‐ es individually based on each conventional process such as coagulation, adsorption, chemical oxidation, and biological decolorization. Therefore, in this part of the book, following major and minor titles are stated truly on the aforementioned new technologies. Besides, these parts are not only about cutting-edge technologies, but also related with conventional methods and their new applications in colored wastewater treatment area briefly. Keywords: Textile wastewater treatment, decolorization, membrane processes, ul‐ trasonic treatment processes, electrochemical treatment processes, photochemical treatment processes, hybrid processes 2 Textile Wastewater Treatment 1. Introduction Textile wastewaters are one of the most polluted wastewaters due to their characteristics, such as high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, strong color, high pH and temperature, and low biodegradability [1–3]. These effluents can exhibit serious environmental problems and public health concerns if improperly disposed. These highly colored components, when discharged with wastewater into the water bodies, stop the reoxygenation capacity of the receiving water and cut-off sunlight, thereby upset biological activity in aquatic life [4]. Since diversity of textile products increases, different dyestuffs with highly varying chemical characteristics are used in this sector, which complicates further the treatment of textile wastewaters [1]. Several conventional methods have been applied for this purpose, such as adsorption, biological treatment, oxidation, coagulation, and flocculation [5–8]. Although these methods have been widely applied, they have some disadvantages. For example, adsorbents are usually difficult to regenerate [9]. Chemical coagulation causes extra pollution due to the undesired reactions in treated water and produces large amounts of sludge [3]. Biological methods are not suitable for most textile wastewaters due to the harmful effects of some commercial dyes on the organisms used in the process. Furthermore, these conventional methods are also usually expensive, and treatment efficiency is inadequate because of the large variability of the composition of textile wastewaters [10]. The main problem that environmental engineers have to deal with is the elimination of the wastewater’s color, which is due to the remaining dyes. However, color removal has been a great challenge over the past decades, and up to now there is no single and economically attractive treatment that can effectively decolorize dyes, and new technologies for wastewater decolorization are especially needed [11–13]. Recently, new single or hybrid/combined processes have attracted much attention for the treatment of textile and dyeing wastewaters. These processes which may be termed as “state of the art technologies” are membrane separation, ultrasonic, photochemical, and electrochemical processes. Although the conven‐ tional methods still have been tried with some new materials such as new adsorbents or coagulants, employing the new generation methods such as electrocoagulation-electrooxida‐ tion, sono-oxidation, or photo-oxidation are gaining in popularity when the treatment of textile wastewaters is discussed. The purpose of this chapter is to bring an overview on the new treatment methods for textile wastewaters, one of the most important sources of environmental pollution. Despite the fact that there is no uniform standard currently, many countries have legalized some strict discharging standards, and scientists and researchers face new technologies, including electrical, sonic, magnetic, optical, and thermal methods. Although many researches on treatment of synthetic or real wastewaters with various methods are available, very few researches have been carried out on the cutting-edge technologies. Moreover, there are a lot of review article or book chapters on textile wastewater treatment processes individually based on each conventional processes, such as coagulation, adsorption, chemical oxidation, and biological decolorization. Therefore, in this part of the book, the following major and minor titles are stated truly on the aforementioned new technologies. Besides, these parts are not only about cutting-edge technologies but also related to conventional methods and their new applications in colored wastewater treatment area briefly.