Microbial Zoonoses Subhash Chandra Parija Abhijit Chaudhury Editors Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses Microbial Zoonoses SeriesEditor SubhashChandraParija,SriBalajiVidyapeeth,ADeemed-to-be-University, Pondicherry,India The series on Microbial Zoonoses provides a holistic overview of various zoonoticpathogensincludingparasitic,fungal,bacterial,andviral.Theindi- vidual volume provides conceptual knowledge and recent advancements on the various aspects of these pathogens, infectious disease caused by these organisms,controlstrategies,andtheirpublichealthimportance. This book series discusses the pathogen life-cycle, disease spectrum and their impact on human health, modern diagnostic methods, treatment, host- pathogen interactions, and the importance of public health control measures includingprophylacticmeasuresinhumanandanimalhosts. Specialemphasisonthisseriesisontheimmunologicalresponsetothese pathogens, molecular epidemiology, and genomics, novel diagnostic techniques,andantimicrobialresistanceinzoonoticpathogens. Each book consists of two parts. Part A incorporates section which deals withchaptersonthenomenclatureofparasitesandclassificationofzoonoses, life-cycleoftheorganism,pathogenesis,pathology,diagnosis,epidemiology, andtheirclinicalmanifestations. Part B of the book includes chapters that summarize the host-pathogen interactions,theimmunologicalresponseofthehost,newvaccines,andnovel treatment regimens against the pathogens. It also discusses strategies for controlandpreventionofmicrobialzoonoses. Given itsscope, theindividualbooksin thisbook series are ofinterest to professionals, scientists, and postgraduate students in medicine, veterinary medicine,publichealth,anddiagnosticlaboratories. Subhash Chandra Parija (cid:129) Abhijit Chaudhury Editors Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses Editors SubhashChandraParija AbhijitChaudhury SriBalajiVidyapeethUniversity DepartmentofMicrobiology Pondicherry,India SriVenkateswaraInstituteofMedical Sciences Tirupati,AndhraPradesh,India ISSN2662-5288 ISSN2662-5296 (electronic) MicrobialZoonoses ISBN978-981-16-7203-3 ISBN978-981-16-7204-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7204-0 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore TheSupremePowerWhohasWilledandgivenustheStrengthto take up this work To my wife Ms Jyotirmayee Parija for selfless support my mother Late Smt Nishamani Parija my father Late Shri Managovinda Parija, and my sister-in-law Late Smt Satyabhama Parija for their blessings. Also to my professional colleagues and mentors for their guidance -Subhash Chandra Parija To my wife Oiendrilla for her support and encouragement my mother Late Smt Manjari Chaudhury and my father Late Dr Prashanta Kumar Chaudhury for their blessings -Abhijit Chaudhury Foreword Research and studies in the field of parasitology was at one time of global quality in India at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. It was of the same standard as that of London, Liverpool, Hamburg, and Amsterdam schools.ItdevelopedinsomeinstituteslikeCentralDrugResearchInstitute, IICB, some of the ICMR specialized institutes like RMRI, Patna, centres in Bhuvaneshwar, Puducherry, and Madurai, and National Institute of Malaria ResearchinDelhi.ItalsoemergedincertainacademicinstitutessuchasPGI, Chandigarh,whereafull-fledgedDepartmentofParasitologywasestablished. TherewerealsocentresinJIPMER,Puducherry,Sher-e-KashmirInstitutein Srinagar, Banaras Hindu University, and Aligarh Muslim University. It was also scattered as some specialized centres established in TIFR, National Institute of Immunology, Jaipur University, ICGEB, etc. The Indian Society for Parasitology was also established to foster the subject. However, a good comprehensivecompendiumwasnotavailableparticularly,whensomeofthe majorprogrammesdealwiththissubjectinnationalandglobalpriorities.One of the major victories was elimination of Dracunculus medinensis. Big suc- cesswasobservedintheeliminationofleishmaniasisandrapideliminationof filariasis, bringing down the malaria burden to one-third as well as signifi- cantlybringingdownthesoiltransmittedhelminthiasisburden.Vectorcontrol also gotbigfillipas someof theviruses suchasdengue,chikungunya,zika, yellowfever,andJapaneseBencephalitisalsohadsurgesinIndia.The“One Health” concept has been adopted by WHO where human, animal, and environment are taken as a single entity to address these zoonotic diseases. Against this backdrop, Prof. SC Parija and Prof. Abhijit Chaudhury have come out with a multi-author textbook on Parasitic Zoonoses in which they havetriedtoputunderonecoveralmostalltheparasiticdiseasesofhumansof animalorigin. Professors Parija and Chaudhury have undertaken a daunting task in editing a multi-author textbook with more than 60 chapters, which they have safely steered to its destination with admirable result. This book will definitely occupy a very prominent place among the practising human and animalparasitologistsandwill serve asanadvancedtextbook for students. I havefullconfidencethatthisbookrepresents yetanotherimportantaddition totheparasitologyliteratureandfillthevacuumofagoodreferencebook. Thisbookdealswiththelatestintheseareasandwillbeusefulforstudents, researchers, and teachers. This book should be revised from time to time so vii viii Foreword that it could incorporate major new findings. Wishing this book all the success. IndianCouncilforMedicalResearch(ICMR), N.K.Ganguly NewDelhi,India Preface Humaninteractionwithanimalsintheformofhuntingforfoodstartedmore than 1.5 million years ago when the modern humans appeared. Then in the latePleistoceneera,15,000yearsback,andevenbeforehumanshavestarted cultivation, they domesticated the dog. This dependence of humanity on the animals of diverse origin has offset a process of transfer of microorganisms fromtheseanimalstohumansresultingininfectionsinthelatter.Nowonder thehistoryofzoonotichumandiseasesdatesbacktoantiquity. Parasitic diseases in humans are a major public health problem in Asian, African, and South American continents, and with measurable presence in Europe,NorthAmerica,andAustralia.Thevastmajorityoftheparasitosesare linked directly or indirectly to the animal populations, leading to a scenario thatmostofthehumanparasiticdiseasesarezoonoticinnature.Industrializa- tionandpopulationburdenhavetakenaheavytollonthenaturaleco-systems of the globe, where humans are venturing into unexplored animal territories by expanding the cities, destroying the forests, building dams, etc. for their personaluseandthusdisturbingthefloraandfaunaofaregion.Thesehuman activities have resulted in many parasites crossing the boundary into human domain and an increase in emerging and re-emerging parasitic zoonoses caused by so-called strict animal pathogens. Increased global connectivity hasfurtherfacilitatedinspreadingthesepathogensfromtheiruniqueecologic nichetovirginareaswithsimilarenvironment.Manipulationofanimalsinthe food stock enterprises for better and higher yields by diverse measures has resulted in altered microbiota in these animals. This has contributed to parasites travelling beyond the boundary and posing a threat to mankind. In essence, it is the human activities including the human behaviour that have alsocontributedimmenselytothedisseminationoftheanimalpathogensand zoonoticdiseasestoalargeextent. A textbook incorporating the latest information where the chapters are a healthybalanceofareviewarticleandastandardtextbookistheneedofthe hour.ItisenvisagedthattheTextbookofParasiticZoonoseswillbeusefulfor anybody, cutting across the disciplines and interested in zoonotic parasitic diseases. The book aims to provide necessary understanding of zoonotic parasitic diseases for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in addi- tiontofaculties,publichealthexperts,scientists,andadministratorsacrossthe disciplines of medical sciences, veterinary sciences, public health sciences, andmanyotheralliedhealthsciences. ix x Preface We wholeheartedly thank all our contributors who have chipped in this project.OurpublisherSpringerNaturehasshownatrackrecordofexecuting theprojectsundertakenbythechiefeditoreverytimewithadifferentflavour. We hope this book will also have an international readership, across all the continents, for those who are interested in knowing and understanding para- siticzoonoses. Pondicherry,India SubhashChandraParija Tirupati,India AbhijitChaudhury