Peace Corps TETUN East Timor LANGUAGE COURSE Catharina Williams-van Klinken 3 RD EDITION (With Revised Spelling) © Copyright Peace Corps East Timor 2015 Revisions to the second edition were contributed by Catharina Williams-van Klinken, with the help of Alexandre Fernandes Xavier Cham, Anabela Maia Santos and Jacinta Canossa Soares, all from Dili Institute of Technology. Revisions to the third edition comprise spelling changes only. These materials were initially published by Peace Corps East Timor for use in training American Volunteers. They may be copied and used on condition that they remain unchanged. Cover design by Cynthia Bacon. Illustrations on the following pages are by Elena Tognoli (www.elenatognoli.eu): 20, 33, 37, 55, 65, 69, 73, 79, 83, 89, 103, 111, 121, 151, 167, 239 i Table of contents Preface to the first edition ................................................................................................................... ix Preface to the second edition ................................................................................................................ x Notes on spelling revision in the third edition .................................................................................... x Acknowledgments for the first edition ............................................................................................... xi Acknowledgments for the second edition .......................................................................................... xii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Let’s get started xiii Languages in East Timor xiii This textbook xiv Overview of Tetun structure (for the grammatical types) xv Pronúnsia (Pronunciation) ................................................................................................................ xvii Stress and long vowels xvii Consonants xvii Vowels xx Compounds and reduplications xxi 1. Hasee malu (Greeting one another) ............................................................................................ 1 1. Verbal clauses 4 2. Naming clauses 4 3. One word one form 4 2. Lisensa! (Excuse me) ................................................................................................................... 7 1. Negatives 9 2. Yes-no questions 9 3. Asking permission: bele ‘can, may’ 9 4. Forbidding: la bele ‘may not’ 10 5. Wanting: hakarak and lakohi 10 3. Aprende Tetun (Learning Tetun) ............................................................................................. 11 1. Answers to yes-no questions 14 2. Nominal clauses and questions: What is this? 14 3. Commands 15 4. laós ‘not’ 15 4. Ita halo saida? (What are you doing?) ..................................................................................... 17 1. baa/mai haan ‘go/come and eat’ 19 2. iha nebee? ‘where?’ 19 3. ka ‘or’ 20 ii Table of contents 5. Bainhira? (When?) .................................................................................................................... 21 1. Past and future time 23 2. Which one? 23 3. nee ‘this’ 24 4. ida ‘one, a’ 24 5. ida nee ‘this one’ 25 6. uluk ‘in the past’ 25 Liafuan tan kona ba tempu: Extra vocabulary for times of day 25 Reading Portuguese names 26 6. Númeru ho oras (Numbers and time) ....................................................................................... 27 1. Numbers 29 2. Telling the time to the nearest half-hour 30 3. Telling the time to the nearest minute 30 4. How many things? 31 5. How old? How long? 31 6. Past and future time (continued) 31 7. Eskola (School) .......................................................................................................................... 33 1. Speaking 35 2. see? ‘who?’ 35 3. ho ‘and’ 36 8. Hatudu dalan (Giving directions) ............................................................................................. 37 1. More about ‘here’ and ‘there’ 39 2. i, no ‘and’ 40 3. Which building? 40 4. mak focus marker 41 Vocabulary (almost) for free: nouns ending in -saun 42 9. Uma kain (Household) .............................................................................................................. 43 1. Possessives 45 2. iha ‘have’ 46 3. nain: counter for people 46 4. hotu, hotu-hotu ‘all’ 47 More cognate nouns ending in -aun 48 10. Halo planu (Making plans) ....................................................................................................... 49 1. Suggesting activities to do together 51 2. ho ‘with’ 52 3. atu ‘about to, going to, intend to’ 52 4. sira ‘plural definite’ 52 5. Possessives again: hau nia amaa nia alin 53 11. Atividade loro-loron nian (Daily activities) ............................................................................. 55 1. lori ba/mai ‘take, bring’ 57 2. fali ‘again’ 58 3. hela ‘currently’ 58 4. Ways to say ‘it’ 59 Peace Corps Tetun Language Course iii 12. Ita haan lai! (Let’s eat!) ............................................................................................................ 61 1. seidauk ‘not yet’ 62 2. ona ‘already’ 63 3. lai ‘first’ 63 Cognate verbs ending in -a 64 13. Loro-loron haan saida? (What do you eat every day?) ............................................................ 65 1. Frequency 66 2. How often? 67 3. iha ‘there is’ 67 4. tanba saa?, tansaa? ‘why?’ 68 14. Hau gosta ida nee! (I like this one!) ......................................................................................... 69 1. gosta ‘like’, toman ‘be accustomed to’ 71 2. loos ‘very’ 71 3. laduun ‘not very’ 71 4. More on possession 71 Cognate nouns ending in -dade 72 15. Halo kompras (Shopping) ......................................................................................................... 73 1. Specifying quantity 76 2. Asking price 76 3. balu ‘some’ 77 4. mos ‘also’ 77 16. Tein (Cooking) ........................................................................................................................... 79 1. sei ‘will’ 80 2. sei ‘still’ 81 3. too ‘until’ 81 4. foin ‘just’, deit ‘only’ and kleur ‘a long time’ 82 17. Halo festa (Having a party) ....................................................................................................... 83 1. foo ba / foo mai ‘give to’ 86 2. tiha ona ‘have already’ 86 3. lalika ‘don’t, no need’ 87 4. Mai ita ... ‘Let’s ...’ 87 Cognate nouns ending in -mentu 88 18. Iha uma laran (Inside a house) ................................................................................................ 89 1. hodi ‘to be used for’ 91 2. atu ‘to (purpose)’ 91 3. hanesan ‘same’ 92 4. ona ‘now’ 92 Countries and continents 93 19. Iha nebee? (Where?) ................................................................................................................. 95 1. Location 97 2. nebee ‘which’ 98 3. komesa, hahuu ‘begin’ 98 4. took ‘have a...’ 98 iv Table of contents 20. Ita nia isin lolon (Our body) ...................................................................................................... 99 1. se ‘if’ and karik ‘perhaps’ 100 2. fali ‘instead’ 101 3. hatete ‘tell’ and dehan ‘say’ 102 4. Talking about body parts 102 21. Ita nia oin (Our face) ............................................................................................................... 103 1. bainhira, kuandu ‘when, whenever’ 104 2. tiha ‘already’ 105 3. la ... ida ‘not’ 105 4. Same and different 106 22. Deskreve ema (Describing people) .......................................................................................... 107 1. liu ‘more’ and ‘most’ 109 2. Age 109 3. More on adjectives 110 4. isin boot and related expressions 110 23. Ropa ho kór (Clothes and colours) ......................................................................................... 111 1. Nobody, nowhere, nothing 113 2. katak ‘that’ 114 3. hanoin ‘think; miss’ 114 4. oinsaa ‘how’ 115 Cognate nouns ending in -u or -a 116 24. Saúde 1 (Health) ...................................................................................................................... 117 1. halo ‘cause’ 119 2. senti ‘feel’ 119 3. kedas ‘immediately’ 120 4. hasoru, kontra ‘against’ 120 25. Saúde 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 121 1. Frequency: loron ida dala tolu 123 2. rasik ‘own, self; in person’ 123 3. ba/mai ‘for’ 123 4. How are you? – Not too good! 124 26. Halo... (Causing...) ................................................................................................................... 125 1. halo ‘cause’ (again) 127 2. ha- ‘cause’ 127 3. Object fronting 127 4. keta ‘don’t’ 128 27. Moris ho mate (Birth and death) ............................................................................................ 129 1. malu ‘each other’ 131 2. mak (foin) ‘and only then’ 132 3. aan reflexive ‘himself, herself...’ 132 4. nafatin ‘continue, still’ 133 Cognate nouns ending in -nsia 134 Peace Corps Tetun Language Course v 28. Kontenti ka tristi? (Happy or sad?) ....................................................................................... 135 1. maski, ... mos ‘although’ 137 2. malu ‘each other’ (again) 137 3. Sentence topics 138 4. Repeating a verb 138 29. Badinas ka baruk-teen? (Diligent or lazy?) ........................................................................... 139 1. -dór ‘one who’ in Portuguese words 142 2. door ‘one who’ in Tetun words 143 3. -teen ‘one who (negative connotation)’ 143 4. nain ‘master’ 143 5. finji ‘pretend’ 144 30. Data ho konvite (Dates and invitations) ................................................................................. 145 1. saa fulan? ‘which month?’ 147 2. Dates in Tetun 147 3. Next/last week 148 4. só, só ... deit mak: expressing uniqueness 148 31. Kuidadu-an (Taking care of yourself) .................................................................................... 151 1. para ‘so’ 155 2. ruma ‘some or other’ 155 3. sa tag 156 4. nenee for topics 156 5. kan ‘after all’ 156 32. Família (Family) ...................................................................................................................... 157 1. nusaa? ‘why?’ 159 2. halo nusaa? ‘how?’ 160 3. Final -n on possessives: hau nia tiun 160 4. mesak ... deit ‘all ...’ 160 33. Rezolve problema (Settling disputes) ..................................................................................... 161 1. mos ‘and so’ 165 2. la ... ona ‘no longer’ 165 3. malu idioms 165 4. Subject–object–verb 166 34. Despede malu (Farewell) ........................................................................................................ 167 1. hirak ‘these specific’ 169 2. hotu, remata ‘finish’ 170 3. Imperative ba 170 4. Really truly 170 35. Edukasaun (Education) .......................................................................................................... 171 1. Relative clauses 174 2. Duration: iha ... nia laran 174 3. Abstract nouns from verbs 175 Indonesian pronunciation 176 vi Table of contents 36. Ensinu superiór (Higher education) ....................................................................................... 177 1. Relative clause with nebee mak 179 2. Possessives with nian 180 3. kiik-oan ‘small’, oan-ida ‘a small’, and uitoan ‘a few, a bit’ 181 Cognate adjectives ending in -u and -a 182 37. Servisu nudar saida? (Work roles) ......................................................................................... 183 1. atu ... ona ‘about to’ 185 2. sai ‘become’ 185 3. Missing subjects and objects 185 Cognate nouns ending in -eiru 186 38. Governu (Government) ............................................................................................................ 187 1. tuir ‘according to’ 191 2. tuir lo-loos, tuir loos ‘in fact, should; correctly’ 191 3. ‘before’ 191 4. ‘after’ 192 Terms of address 193 Inu nasionál (National anthem) 194 39. Halo uma (Building) ................................................................................................................ 195 1. Ordinal numbers and alternatives 198 2. kedas, kedan ‘in advance’ 199 3. dadauk progressive aspect 199 4. la bele ... lai ‘do not yet’ 199 Cognate nouns and adjectives ending in -ál 200 40. Marka enkontru (Making appointments) ............................................................................... 201 1. Commands and invitations revisited 204 2. ida-idak, kada, repetition ‘each’ 205 3. Relative clauses with ke or be 205 4. Approximation 206 41. Enkontru (Meetings) ............................................................................................................... 207 1. Iha ema barak... ‘There are many people who...’ 211 2. Other verb–subject clauses 211 3. hodi ‘to/and’ 211 4. liu ... duké ‘more than’ 212 5. husik hela ‘leave behind’ 212 42. Administrasaun (Administration) ........................................................................................... 213 1. Detransitivising prefixes nak-, nam- 217 2. Topicalise the object 217 3. Topicalise the object and omit the subject 218 4. Generalise the subject as ema 219 5. hetan/simu ‘receive’ 219 6. Portuguese passives 219 7. Demote the subject with hosi ‘from’ 220 Peace Corps Tetun Language Course vii 43. Uza telefone (Using the telephone) ......................................................................................... 221 1. How many? 224 2. Reduplicating numbers: operating as a group, ‘every’ 224 3. Reduplicating adjectives: plural 225 4. ... mak nee ‘What on earth!’ 225 More cognate nouns ending in -ia 226 44. Ekonomia (Economics) ........................................................................................................... 227 1. Becoming versus being 230 2. tiha ona ‘have already’ 230 3. ona ‘already’ 231 4. tiha perfective aspect 232 5. Doing calculations in Tetun 232 45. Halo toos ho natar (Farming) ................................................................................................. 233 1. Generic-specific compounds: ai teka 236 2. Plant part compounds: hudi tahan 236 3. Categorisation 237 Cognate adverbs ending in -mente 238 46. Tempu (Seasons) ..................................................................................................................... 239 1. Possibility and probability 241 2. Hedging and fudging 242 3. Compounds with foo ‘give’ 243 4. nebaa ‘there’ 244 47. Animál ho ikan (Animals and fish) ........................................................................................ 245 1. Sex and age of animals: aman, inan, oan 248 2. Giving something to use: foo ba ... haan 248 3. mos ... mos... ‘both ... and’, ‘either ... or’, ‘neither ... nor’ 249 4. Allowing: husik, hataan, foo 249 5. baku mate ‘beat to death’ 250 48. Númeru ho lian Portugés (Numbers in Portuguese) ............................................................. 251 1. Portuguese numbers 252 2. Quantity 252 3. Time 252 4. Date 253 5. Portuguese gender and number agreement 253 Cognate nouns and adjectives ending in -i 254 49. Númeru ho lian Indonézia (Numbers in Indonesian) ........................................................... 255 1. Price 256 2. Date 256 3. Time 256 viii Table of contents Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 257 1. Numerals 257 2. Imperial-metric conversion 259 3. Alphabet 260 4. Punctuation 260 5. Personal pronouns 261 6. Determiners 261 7. Question words 261 8. Tense-aspect 262 9. Intensifiers 262 10. Prepositions and conjunctions 263 11. Spelling 265 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 267