DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Tethered Balloon System (TBS) Instrument Handbook D Dexheimer January 2018 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the U.S. Government. Neither the United States nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Tethered Balloon System (TBS) Instrument Handbook D Dexheimer, Sandia National Laboratories January 2018 Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Acronyms and Abbreviations AGL above ground level AMF ARM Mobile Facility AOS aerosol observing system ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement COTS commercial, off-the-shelf CPC condensation particle counter CTAF common traffic advisory frequency DOE U.S. Department of Energy DQR Data Quality Report DTS Distributed Temperature Sensing GPS Global Positioning System ID identification LWS leaf wetness sensor MSL mean sea level NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOTAM Notice to Airmen POPS printed optical particle spectrometer QC quality control SLWC supercooled liquid water content sonde TBS Tethered Balloon System iii D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... iii 1.0 General Overview ................................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Mentor Contact Information ................................................................................................................. 1 3.0 Vendor Contact Information ................................................................................................................. 1 3.1 Balloons and Winches .................................................................................................................. 1 3.1.1 Winch and Tether .............................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Radiosondes ................................................................................................................................. 5 3.3 Tethersondes and Supercooled Liquid Water Content Sondes .................................................... 8 3.4 Leaf Wetness Sensors................................................................................................................. 11 3.5 Distributed Temperature Sensing System .................................................................................. 12 3.6 Printed Optical Particle Spectrometer ........................................................................................ 13 3.7 Condensation Particle Counter ................................................................................................... 14 3.8 TBS Ground Station ................................................................................................................... 15 4.0 Instrument Description ....................................................................................................................... 16 5.0 Measurements Taken .......................................................................................................................... 18 5.1 User Notes and Known Problems .............................................................................................. 19 6.0 Links to Definitions and Relevant Information .................................................................................. 20 6.1 Data Object Description ............................................................................................................. 20 6.1.1 Tethersondes.................................................................................................................... 20 6.1.2 TBS Ground Station ........................................................................................................ 20 6.2 Data Quality ............................................................................................................................... 21 6.2.1 Tethersondes.................................................................................................................... 21 6.2.2 TBS Ground Station ........................................................................................................ 23 7.0 Technical Specifications of TBS Distributed Temperature Sensing System...................................... 25 7.1 Units ........................................................................................................................................... 25 7.2 Range .......................................................................................................................................... 25 7.3 Resolution .................................................................................................................................. 25 8.0 Instrument System Functional Diagram ............................................................................................. 25 9.0 Instrument Measurement Theory ........................................................................................................ 26 10.0 Software .............................................................................................................................................. 27 11.0 Calibration .......................................................................................................................................... 27 12.0 Maintenance........................................................................................................................................ 29 13.0 Safety .................................................................................................................................................. 29 14.0 Citable References .............................................................................................................................. 31 iv D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Figures 1 Helikite. .................................................................................................................................................. 2 2 Aerostat. ................................................................................................................................................. 2 3 Meteorological balloons filled with less than 3.25 m3 of helium. .......................................................... 3 4 Electric winch trailer. ............................................................................................................................. 4 5 Hydraulic winch trailer. .......................................................................................................................... 4 6 My-te winches and helikite at Utqiagvik, Alaska. .................................................................................. 4 7 Autoreeler at Oliktok Point, Alaska. ...................................................................................................... 5 8 iMet-1-RSB radiosonde in custom housing on TBS. ............................................................................. 6 9 iMet-XQ used on TBS. ........................................................................................................................... 7 10 RS92 radiosonde used on TBS. .............................................................................................................. 8 11 Anasphere tethersonde and SLWC on TBS. ........................................................................................ 10 12 Anasphere SLWC sonde on TBS tether. .............................................................................................. 10 13 Manufacturer’s description and photograph of the SLWC................................................................... 11 14 Campbell Scientific Leaf Wetness Sensor deployed on TBS. .............................................................. 12 15 Sensornet Oryx+ DTS-XR used on TBS. ............................................................................................. 13 16 Silixa XT DTS used on TBS. ............................................................................................................... 13 17 Exterior and interior of Pops used on TBS. .......................................................................................... 14 18 HNP45C and IceFree3 on TBS ground station. ................................................................................... 16 19 Aerostat preparing to launch at AMF3, Oliktok, Alaska. ..................................................................... 17 20 Helikite preparing to launch at AMF3, Oliktok, Alaska. ..................................................................... 17 21 Aerostat in flight with instrumentation on tether.................................................................................. 18 22 ARM Data Quality Office plot of M1 tethersonde data. ...................................................................... 23 23 ARM Data Quality Office plot of TBS Ground Station data. .............................................................. 24 24 DTS Operation on TBS. ....................................................................................................................... 26 25 Comparison of TBS tethersonde and AMF3 Doppler lidar wind speeds. ............................................ 28 Tables 1 iMet-1-RSB radiosonde specifications. .................................................................................................. 6 2 iMet-XQ sensor specifications. .............................................................................................................. 7 3 iMet-XQ2 sensor specifications. ............................................................................................................ 7 4 Vaisala RS92 radiosonde specifications. ................................................................................................ 8 5 Anasphere tethersonde specifications. .................................................................................................... 9 6 Handix POPS for TBS specifications. .................................................................................................. 14 7 TBS ground station sensors including HMP45C, BP20, and IceFree3 specifications. ........................ 16 8 Hazards and controls for TBS. ............................................................................................................. 29 v D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 1.0 General Overview The Tethered Balloon System (TBS) is an unmanned aerial system composed of a helium-filled balloon, tether, winch, and sensors. Individual components of the system may change with each flight based on the desired measurements, atmospheric conditions, and flight strategy. The TBS operates within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s R-2204 Restricted Airspace, which encompasses a two-nautical-mile radius centered on Oliktok Point, Alaska that is segmented by altitude into R-2204 Low (0-1,499’ MSL or 0-457 m MSL) and R-2204 High (1,500-6,999’ MSL or 457-2133 m MSL). The TBS may operate outside of R-2204 if allowed to do so under a Certificate of Authorization from the Federal Aviation Administration. 2.0 Mentor Contact Information Darielle Dexheimer Sandia National Laboratories 1515 SE Eubank Blvd, MS0734 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123 (505)844-7685 [email protected] 3.0 Vendor Contact Information 3.1 Balloons and Winches Various sizes of SkyDoc™ aerostats and winches and Carolina Unmanned Vehicles helikites and winches are used with the TBS. Skydoc Systems LLC 167 Lupine Lane Sagle, Idaho 83860 USA (503)396-8417 [email protected] www.skydocballoon.com Carolina Unmanned Vehicles, Inc. 4105 Graham-Newton Road Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 USA (919)851-9898 [email protected] www.carolinaunmanned.com The payload and operating guidelines for the TBS vary significantly with location and environmental conditions. A general procedure is that aerostats are operated for total payload weights of 8-27 kg, and 1 D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 helikites are operated for total payload weights < 27 kg. Helikites are not typically operated above 500m AGL. Aerostats are not launched in sustained surface wind speeds > 7 m/s, and helikites are not launched in sustained surface wind speeds > 11 m/s. Flight of both platforms is suspended and the balloon is immediately retrieved if sustained wind speeds aloft exceed 15 m/s. The term ‘balloon’ is used interchangeably herein to describe meteorological balloons, helikites, and aerostats. Lift of both a helikite and an aerostat increases with increasing wind speed, so a relatively stable float altitude can be achieved even in high wind speeds. The helikite is a balloon/kite hybrid that uses lighter-than-air principles to obtain its initial lift, and a kite to achieve stability and dynamic lift (Figure 1). Helikites contain either 16 or 35 m3of helium. Figure 1. Helikite. Aerostats contain 74m3-100m3 of helium. Aerostats use a skirt, instead of a kite, to achieve stability in flight (Figure 2). Figure 2. Aerostat. 2 D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Meteorological balloons are routinely used world-wide to collect atmospheric data. Most usage involves free release and flight of the balloon. Free-flight continues to the altitude at which the balloon bursts because of helium expansion from the low pressure at high altitude. Neither the balloon nor the attached instrumentation is retrieved. Sandia uses tethered meteorological balloons for atmospheric research involving small, light-weight instruments. These balloons are filled with less than 3.25m3 of helium. Figure 3. Meteorological balloons filled with less than 3.25 m3 of helium. 3.1.1 Winch and Tether TBS operations use either a commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS) electric winch that has been integrated into a dedicated balloon trailer by Skydoc (Figure 4), a hydraulic winch and pump that have been integrated into a dedicated balloon trailer by Carolina Unmanned Systems (Figure 5), a small electric winch attached to a receiver on a truck (Figure 6), or an autoreeler (Figure 7). The Skydoc winch can be used with aerostats and helikites. The hydraulic winch can be used with helikites. The small electric winch can be used with helikites and meteorological balloons. The autoreeler can be used with meteorological balloons. 3 D Dexheimer et al., January 2018, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-206 Figure 4. Electric winch trailer. Figure 5. Hydraulic winch trailer. Figure 6. My-te winches and helikite at Utqiagvik, Alaska. 4