SpringerBriefs in Political Science For further volumes http://www.springer.com/series/8871 Lori Poloni-Staudinger Candice D. Ortbals ● Terrorism and Violent Con fl ict Women’s Agency, Leadership, and Responses Lori Poloni-Staudinger Candice D. Ortbals Politics and International Affairs Pepperdine University Northern Arizona University Social Science Division Flagstaff , AZ , USA Malibu , CA, USA ISSN 2191-5466 ISSN 2191-5474 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-5640-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-5641-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5641-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953360 © The Authors 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge several people who read drafts of this book and whose comments were invaluable—Angela Bratton, Rebecca Y. Kim, Katie Wiser, and Michael R. Wolf. We offer special thanks to Carmen Burlingame for her com- ments and editorial assistance. We would also like to thank Dominic Blaise Caudill for his assistance with the Chechnya case study and Amanda Cleveland for her research assistance. We would like to thank Northern Arizona University and Pepperdine University for funding various portions of this project. Finally, thanks to our families and friends for their understanding while we put many hours into this document. v Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Goals of This Book ..................................................................................... 2 Definitions of Terrorism, Genocide, and State Terrorism ........................... 3 Definitions of Sex and Gender .................................................................... 5 Themes of the Book .................................................................................... 6 Organization of the Book ............................................................................ 6 2 Women as Victims of Violence and Terrorism ....................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................. 13 Genocide and Gendercide ........................................................................... 14 The Gendering of Political Violence and Gendercide ............................ 15 International Response to Genocide and Gendercide: Punishing Perpetrators ......................................................................................... 16 Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide .................................................... 17 Why Use Rape and Sexualized Torture as a Weapon During Conflicts? ................................................................................ 22 International Responses to Rape: Regaining Agency? ........................... 23 Terrorism’s Victimization of Women .......................................................... 25 Women as Targets of Terrorism .............................................................. 30 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 31 3 Women Engaged in Violent Political Activity ......................................... 33 Introduction ................................................................................................. 33 Women as Warriors, Guerillas, and Anarchists .......................................... 34 Women in Terrorist Cells ............................................................................ 35 What Motivates Women to Terrorism? ................................................... 36 What Do Women Terrorists Do? ............................................................. 38 Women in Islamic Terrorist Cells ............................................................... 40 Women as Suicide Bombers ....................................................................... 43 What Motivates Women Suicide Bombers?............................................ 45 Why Do Groups Use (Women) Suicide Bombers? ................................. 45 vii viii Contents Women as Genocidaires .............................................................................. 47 Media Reaction to Violent Women ............................................................. 48 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 49 4 Women in Social Movement Groups as Related to Terrorism .............. 51 Introduction ................................................................................................. 51 Background to Women Organized in Social Groups .................................. 52 Maternal Politics in Social Movement Groups: Advocating for Family and Peace .............................................................................. 53 Prisoners’ Rights and Victims’ Rights Groups ....................................... 54 Peace Advocates ..................................................................................... 56 Mothers in Counterideological Groups ................................................... 57 Feminist Politics in Social Movement Groups: Challenging Patriarchy and Violence .......................................................................... 60 Women in Black ...................................................................................... 62 Code Pink ................................................................................................ 64 Analysis of Women in Black and Code Pink .......................................... 65 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 66 5 Terrorism and Women Political Elites .................................................... 69 Introduction ................................................................................................. 69 Descriptive Representation of Women Elites in Terrorism Policymaking ...................................................................... 70 Substantive Representation of Women Elites in Terrorism Policymaking .......................................................................................... 77 Basque Women Elites Framing their Experiences with Terrorism ............. 79 Women Elites’ Representation in the Media............................................... 82 Media Framing: French and Spanish Elites ................................................ 83 Media Framing: Hillary Clinton and the Bin Laden Raid .......................... 84 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 88 6 Terrorism and the Public: Gender, Public Opinion, and Voting Behavior ................................................................................. 89 Introduction ................................................................................................. 89 Public Opinion and Terrorism ..................................................................... 90 Sex, Gender, and Support for Terrorism ................................................. 92 Voting Behavior and Terrorism ................................................................... 94 Approaches to Voting Behavior .............................................................. 94 Studies on Terrorism, Public Opinion, and Voting Behavior .................. 95 Sex, Gender, and Voting Behavior .......................................................... 96 Why it Matters: Public Opinion, Voting Behavior, and Counterterrorism .............................................................................. 101 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 101 Contents ix 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 103 Summarizing the Findings .......................................................................... 103 Revisiting the Book’s Themes .................................................................... 104 Future Research .......................................................................................... 107 References ........................................................................................................ 109