Carolee Sormunen, Ph.D. Educational Consultant Professor Emerita, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana Research and technical assistance from RONALD F. JONES Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Terminology for Health Professionals, © 2010, 2003 Delmar, Cengage Learning Sixth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may Carolee Sormunen, Ph.D. be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, Vice President, Career and Professional Editorial: scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Dave Garza storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 Director of Learning Solutions: Matthew Kane United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 Contents Preface vii How to Use This Book xiii How to Use StudyWARE™ xvi CHAPTER 1 Building a Medical Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Body Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 CHAPTER 3 The Medical History and Physical Examination . . . . .39 CHAPTER 4 Pharmacology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 CHAPTER 5 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 CHAPTER 6 The Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 CHAPTER 7 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 CHAPTER 8 The Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 iiiiii CHAPTER 9 The Blood and Lymph Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 CHAPTER 10 Oncology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 CHAPTER 11 Radiology and Nuclear Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 CHAPTER 12 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 CHAPTER 13 The Digestive System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 CHAPTER 14 Discharge Summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 CHAPTER 15 The Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426 CHAPTER 16 The Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 CHAPTER 17 The Male Reproductive System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 CHAPTER 18 Pathology and Autopsies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523 CHAPTER 19 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 iv CHAPTER 20 The Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578 CHAPTER 21 Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612 CHAPTER 22 The Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 CHAPTER 23 The Ear, Nose, and Throat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 •APPENDIX A• Word Elements to Meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693 •APPENDIX B• Meanings to Word Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699 •APPENDIX C• Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .705 •APPENDIX D• Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .713 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721 v This page intentionally left blank Preface Terminology for Health Professionals, sixth edition, is designed to integrate the entire spectrum of information need by health professionals who must understand medical terminology. PHILOSOPHY Terminology for Health Professionals focuses on successful learning by applying informa- tion in the context in which it is used in a medical environment. A simple-to-complex instructional design begins in Chapter 1 with an introduction to the word elements—roots, prefixes, and suffixes—which are used in constructing medical terms. In each subsequent chapter more word elements and medical terms are presented as they relate to the specific body system or medical support area being discussed. By the end of the text, more than 600 word elements and 800 medical terms will have been defined. The text contains a mix of anatomy (the body systems), physiology (how the body works), and pathophysiology (the effect of disease on the body) combined with information about the medical records in which the medical terms appear. The instructional material begins with introductory chapters on terminology, basic anatomy, and medical history reports. This is followed with the opening discussion of body systems in Chapters 5 and 6. The rest of the book follows this general pattern of a chapter or two on support systems and then one or two on body systems. Each of the body system chapters has a section called Working Practice which illus- trates how medical terminology is used in the medical environment. This section has three basic parts: diagnostic procedures, diagnoses, and treatment procedures. In most cases there also is a subsection providing related abbreviations, medications, and other system- specific material. Specialty chapters, such as Pharmacology, Oncology, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Mental Health, provide added knowledge, dimension, and depth to your learning experi- ence. This will help you in your efforts to secure employment. To reinforce the chapter discussions and to give a clearer meaning to the complexi- ties of the various medical topics, more than 235 illustrations and photographs are woven through the book. Many terms in the text are numbered to coincide with a number in the related anatomical illustration. Where practical, these numbers move clockwise around the illustration to make it easier to locate a particular point. In addition, all chapters end with a summary and a series of exercises concerning the terminology and word elements introduced. The Working Practice has a separate exercise section. These exercises may be any mix of matching, fill-in, brief discussion and other questions. Completion of these activities will give you an opportunity to highlight important information so that you can better focus review efforts in mastering the content. The health care industry has used a variety of terms to describe patient health infor- mation, but in recent years, legal health record has emerged as the key term to identify the patient’s entire health documentation. Medical history and physical examinations, surgical notes, radiology reports, discharge summaries, pathology reports, and autopsies are the basic six types of reports found in legal health records. Introduction to each of these report types is not done until they have been discussed in the textual material. In other words, vii viii Preface history and physical report first appear as an example in Chapter 3, surgical notes are not used as examples until Chapter 7, radiology reports in Chapter 11, and so forth for the other kinds of reports. Dictionary Exercises are included in each chapter. Medical transcriptionists suggested many of the words used in these exercises, drawing on the terminology commonly found in dictation in their specialty offices. Medical reports have been provided from a variety of offices to give an in-depth exposure to the more com- mon formats found in a medical environment. The reports have been carefully dictated as “Listening Exercises” on the accompanying StudyWARETM CD-ROM so that the terminology can be heard in a “live” situation. They are also provided in printed form so you follow along as you listen. Listening to these recordings will allow you to experience just how the medical terms you have learned sound in the context of a medical report thus helping you in your transition to the workplace. This text and its supporting materials encourage you to develop critical thinking skills. This is a skill that employers look for. They want individuals who can take that step beyond memorizing lists of words to using them confidently and to interact comfortably with the medical professionals who use them. The sixth edition of Terminology for Health Professionals retains its basic instructional design, but has been carefully reviewed by the author and a panel of consulting physicians so that each chapter reflects the latest in medical developments. Major revisions to this edition include the following: A StudyWARE™ CD-ROM was added. This interactive software packaged with the book offers an excit- ing way to gain additional practice (while having fun) through games, quizzes and animations. (See “How To Use the StudyWARE™” on page xvi for details.) The Listening Exercises are included on the StudyWARE™ CD-ROM rather than on a separate audio CD. The StudyWARE™ Connection feature encourage learners to go to their interactive CD-ROM to watch animations, perform a labeling activity, hear medical reports read, play interactive games or complete a practice quiz related to the chapter. Chapter 1 was expanded to introduce more roots, prefixes, and suffixes earlier. Chapter 10, Oncology, was substantially rewritten to reflect the continued expansion of knowledge in this area. Chapter 11, Radiology, was rewritten to include developments in noninvasive radiology and diagnostic imaging. In the body system chapters, the Word Element Review and Practice Exercises were moved with the Key Terminology Review and Practice Exercise section More than 50 new or updated illustrations and photos support text discussion. Frequently used terms that describe information pertinent to each system, often in the Working Practice, were updated with cooperation from the specific medical offices involved. Activities that introduce helpful and relevant Internet web sites were checked for accuracy and were replaced when new, more pertinent sites became available. All review activities were evaluated for relevance and expanded for coverage of added content. REFERENCES In addition to the nineteen physicians and clinical professionals identified in the Special Acknowledgement sec- tion, the primary source used to clarify information was Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. Extensive use was made of the Internet for research on various diseases, conditions, diagnostic and treatment procedures, medications, and other information. For style, resources are available through the Association for Healthcare Documentation, 4230 Kleman Avenue, Suite 130, Modesto, CA 95356, (800) 982-2182, or on the net at www. ahdionline.org. FLASHCARDS Improve your knowledge and test yourself by with over 900 flashcards. Packaged separately, these cards are an effective study aid for use even when you only have a small amount of time. ISBN 1-4283-7638-0 Preface ix INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES Instructor Resources is a robust computerized tool for your instructional needs! A must-have for all instructors, this comprehensive and convenient CD-ROM contains: The Instructors Manual includes information on teaching and learning strategies, evaluations, and helpful suggestions based on the author’s experience; a critical thinking tip in each chapter designed to help learners develop this highly desirable work skill; optional exercises such as charting exercises based on the listening exercises in Chapters 3, 7, 11, 14, and 18; and suggestions for assignments using the Internet to find chapter related information Exam View® Computerized Testbank contains 1000 questions. You can use these questions to cre- ate your own review materials or tests. This versatile program enables you to create your own tests and to write additional questions. Instructor Slides created in PowerPoint®, including animations, are designed to aid you in plan- ning your class presentations. Answers to Review Exercises in the text. ISBN 1-4283-7635-6 WEBTUTOR ADVANTAGE™ Designed to complement the text, WebTutor Advantage™ is a content-rich, web-based teaching and learning aid that reinforces and clarifies complex concepts. The WebCT™ and Blackboard™ platforms also provide rich com- munication tools to instructors and students, including a course calendar, chat, e-mail, and threaded discussions. WebTutor Advantage on WebCT™ (ISBN 1-4283-7637-2) Text Bundled with WebTutor Advantage on WebCT™ (ISBN 1-4283-5036-5) WebTutor Advantage on Blackboard™ (ISBN 1-4283-7636-4) Text Bundled with WebTutor Advantage on Blackboard™ (ISBN 1-4283-7257-1) ADDITIONAL RESOURCES DELMAR’S MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY STUDENT THEATER: AN INTERACTIVE VIDEO PROGRAM Organized by body system, this CD-ROM is invaluable to learners trying to master the complex world of medical terminology. The program is designed for allied health and nursing students who are enrolled in medical termi- nology courses. A series of video clips leads learners through the various concepts, interspersing lectures with illustrations to emphasize key points. Quizzes and games allow learners to assess their understanding of the video content. ISBN: 1-4283-1863-1 DELMAR LEARNING’S ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IMAGE LIBRARY CD-ROM, THIRD EDITION This CD-ROM includes over 1,050 graphic files. These files can be incorporated into a Power Point®, Microsoft® Word presentation, used directly from the CD-ROM in a classroom presentation, or used to make color transpar- encies. The Image Library is organized around body systems and medical specialties. The library includes various anatomy, physiology, and pathology graphics of different levels of complexity. Instructors can search and select the graphics that best apply to their teaching situation. This is an ideal resource to enhance your teaching presentation of medical terminology or anatomy and physiology. ISBN: 1-4180-3928-4