OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi OXFORD CLASSICAL MONOGRAPHS PublishedunderthesupervisionofaCommitteeofthe FacultyofClassicsintheUniversityofOxford OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi The aim of the Oxford Classical Monograph series (which replaces the OxfordClassicalandPhilosophicalMonographs)istopublishbooksbased onthebestthesesonGreekandLatinliterature,ancienthistory,andancient philosophyexaminedbytheFacultyBoardofClassics. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi Terence and the Verb ‘ ’ To Be in Latin GIUSEPPE PEZZINI 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #GiuseppePezzini2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2015 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014953510 ISBN 978–0–19–873624–0 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi To my Mother OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi Preface TheoriginofthisbookliesinaconversationwithJimAdamsin2008 inhisofficeatAllSoulsCollege,Oxford.AtthattimeIwasworking on a commentary on Terence’s Heauton Timorumenos, which was my intended project for the D.Phil. in Classical Languages and Literature. During one of my first supervisions with him, Jim did not pay much attention to my first attempts at commentary but pointed me towards what looked like a very small detail in the first line of the passage I was commenting on, the form inueniundumst (Haut. 513). With his characteristic urgency he invited and chal- lenged me to write a note on this phenomenon (‘prodelision’), to be basedonmyownresearchandnotjustrepeatingorparaphrasingthe vulgata. I went back to the Bodleian Library and began my work, whichinmymindwouldnothaverequiredmorethanadayortwo. Myfirststep,owingtoacombinationofchanceandcuriosity,wasto typeintoadatabaseofLatintextsthese‘prodelided’forms.Itwasabit like Alice encountering the White Rabbit: that quick search was enough to make me realize that ‘prodelision’ is not just a feature of Plautus, Terence, and Lucretius (as most Latin scholars and readers believe)butisfoundintextsofmanyotherauthors,bothpoetryand prose.Thatwasjustthetipoftheiceberg,asveryfewmoderneditors printcontractions;butitwasenoughtointrigueme.Ithusdecidedto follow the rabbit into the hole and I have spent the following years working on Latin contractions, soon realising their linguistic signifi- cance and their relationship with the peculiar nature of the verb ‘to be’ in Latin. That short note became this book, which is thus an accountof a journeyof research withinthe‘underworld’of contrac- tion (what ‘prodelision’ really is) and the cliticization of the verb ‘to be’inLatin. Severalofmy‘lay’friendsoftenaskmewhatisthepointofresearch inasubjectthathasbeenstudiedforcenturies.Ihopethatthisbook, aswellasmanyothers,mayprovideananswer,andshowhowmany mysteries of the Latin language still need to be revealed, and how many of our basic tenets are inaccurate or misleading, including the paradigmoftheverb‘tobe’. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi viii Preface InmyjourneyJimAdamshasbeenmasterandcompanion,always remindingmeofthesupremacyoffactsoverfancifulinterpretations, of clarity and precision over ‘waffling’; Fraenkel’s dedication to Leo, that‘notasinglelineofthisbookcouldhavebeenwrittenwithouthis work and teaching’ can appropriately be repeated here. To this I would also append ‘and without his affection, kindness, and gener- osity’, if I did not know that Jim would probably frown at these ‘sentimentalities’. Thewritingofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthe aid of a number of people, and its quality would be considerably inferior without their comments and criticism; I apologize for any remaining mistakes, which might obscure the calibre of the help I havereceived. Firstofall,IwishtothankwarmlytheexaminersofmyD.Phil.,in itsfieriandcompletion:PeterBrown,DavidLangslow,Wolfgangde Melo,and TobiasReinhardt. I did not knowit atthat timebut their help would have been much more precious and extensive than their invaluable comments on my thesis. Each of them, with his rigorous work, inspiration, and guidance, has made and makes possible my growthasapersonandasascholar. A special thanks also goes to my adviser John Penney, for his patience and advice, and to Peter Kruschwitz, for his constant support and wit, together with the colleagues of the Department of ClassicsatReading. Severalotherpeoplehavereadandcommentedonpartsorearlier drafts of this book: among them I am especially grateful to Siobhan Butala, David Butterfield, James Clackson, Anna Chahoud, Luca Grillo, Luke O’Duffy, Costas Panayotakis, John Trappes-Lomax, andRexWallace. Oxfordisaspecialplace,inwhichIhavebeenluckytofindmany colleagues and friends who have offered me their expertise and encouragement, both during my D.Phil. and while I was converting the thesis into a book: I would like to mention in particular Amin Benaissa, Felix Budelmann, Stephen Harrison, Matthew Leigh, Tom Mackenzie, Oliver Taplin, Barney Taylor, Alessandro Vatri, and the colleagues at the Dictionary of Medieval Latin, especially Richard Ashdowne, Peter Glare, David Howlett, and Carolinne White. I am also grateful to all the students I have had the privilege to teach in these years, and who have helped me to retain my passion for our subject: a special place is held by the undergraduates of Lady OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,1/7/2015,SPi Preface ix MargaretHallwithwhomIsharedabeautifulyearafterthecomple- tionofmythesis. For the preparation of this book I have visited many libraries, where I have found open doors and kind assistance: I would like to expressmygratitudeinparticulartothestaffoftheBodleianLibrary, theBritish Library, theBiblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, theBibliothè- que nationale de France, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, and the Biblio- tecaLaurenziana. I also would like to mention the importance of the teaching I received in Pisa, above all from Gian Biagio Conte, Rolando Ferri and Glenn Most, as well as the support I received in the crucial monthsbefore Icame to Oxford, especially that of Alessandro Banfi andMicheleRosboch. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the financial support I received from a generous scholarship of the Banca Gesfid (now PKB Privat- bank),andajointscholarshipofSt.Anne’sCollegeandtheFacultyof ClassicsatOxford. Theyearsinwhichthisbookwaswrittenhavebeenaroller-coaster of events, some joyful, some less: I would not have been able to go through them without the presence of many friends with whom I sharethegreatestofadventures;itwouldbeimpossibletonameallof them here and I am therefore sadly forced to offer a collective, but sincere thanks. I cannot fail however to single out the names of Beniamino Arnone, Noel Murphy, Stefano Rebeggiani and Marco Sinisi.Theyknowwhy. My family of origin supported me from the very beginning and I wouldneverbeherewithoutthem,especiallywithoutmyfather.The bookisdedicatedtomymother,theonewhoisattherootandcentre ofall. Last, but certainly not the least, I thank my wife, in qua maxime delector: she followed me to the UK to study for my D.Phil., she tolerated with great benevolence all my stress over many days and nights, and, most of all, she bore my wonderful children, who bring light to my life. She will probably never pride herself for it, but this bookwouldnotexistwithouther. Oxford April2015