TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi Revised & Edited by ‘Aamir Bashir Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011 First Online Edition Dec 2011 Second Online Edition Jul 2012 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i List of Tables ii Acknowledgments iii Foreword v LESSON 1 ُرٌ بخ و ٌُأُد ُتُب ُم – Subject and Predicate 1 LESSON 2 ُهِي لِإُفٌ اض م و ُفٌ اض م 7 LESSON 3 ُي ُضِ ام لاُل ع فِ ل ا – Past Tense Verb 11 LESSON 4 ُلٌو عف م ُ،لٌعِا فُ،لٌع ِف – Verb, Subject, Object 19 LESSON 5 ُةرَّا لْ اُف و ر لْ ا – Prepositions 25 LESSON 6 ُر ِئام ُضَّ ل ا – Pronouns 31 LESSON 7 ُع رِاض م لاُل ع فِ ل ا – Present and Future Tense Verb 39 LESSON 8 ُف و ص و م لاو ُ ةف صِّ ل ا – Adjective 49 LESSON 9 ُي ه َّنلاو ُر م لْ ا – Imperative & Prohibitive 57 LESSON 10 ُع م لْ اُ، ة يُِن ثَّتل اُ،د حِاو ل ا – Singular, Dual, Plural 67 i LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُف و ر ع م ل اُُي ُضِ ام لاُل ع فِ ل ا) 12 3.1a ُف و ر ع م ل اُُي ُضِ ام لاُل ع فِ ل ا 13 3.2 Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُل و ه ج م ُل اُُي ُضِ ام لاُل ع فِ ل ُا) 14 3.2a ُل و ه ج م ُل اُُي ُضِ ام لاُل ع فِ ل ا 15 5.1 Prepositions ( ُةرَّا لْ اُف و ر لْ ا) 25 6.1 Unattached (ُلٌصِ ف ن م ) Pronouns 31 6.2 Attached (ُلصِ َّتم) Pronouns 32 ٌ 7.1 Verb Forms of (ُعٌرِاض م ُلٌع ِف) in Active Voice (ُفٌ و ر ع م ) 39 7.1a ُف و ر ع م لاُ عرِاض م لاُل ع فِ ل ا 40 7.2 Verb Forms of (ُعٌرِاض ُم ُُلٌع ِف) in Passive Voice (ُلٌو ه مَ ) 41 7.2a ُل و ه ج م ُلاُ عرِاض م لاُل ع فِ ل ا 42 9.1 Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ُفٌ و ر ع م ُرٌضِ اح ُُرٌم أ) 58 9.2 Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (ُفٌ و ر ع م ُرٌضِ اح ُرٌم أ) 58 9.2a ُف و ر ع م لاُر ضِ ا لْ اُر م لْ ا 59 9.3 Creating Second Person Prohibitive (ُفٌ و ر ع م ُرٌضِ اح ُيٌه ن) in Active Voice 60 9.4 Second Person Prohibitive (ُفٌ و ر ع م ُرٌضِ اح ُيٌه ن) in Active Voice 60 9.4a ُف و ر ع م لاُر ضِ ا لْ اُي ه َّنل ا 61 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural 68 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help. iii يمركلاُهلوسرُىلعُملاسلاوُةوُ لصلاوُميحرلاُنحمرلاُللهاُمسب FOREWORD This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors and students regarding improvement of the text. Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan 2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time. Later, during the last two terms of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011– 2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’ attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words. If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less. This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my v best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at the email address given at the end. This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year. They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half. Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular D = Dual P = Plural M = Masculine F = Feminine Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) = ‘Singular masculine’ which means one male (D/M) = ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males (P/M) = ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males (S/F) = ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female (D/F) = ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females (P/F) = ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females vi