TEMPLAR FAMILIES Foundedinc.1120,intheaftermathoftheFirstCrusadeinJerusalem,the OrderoftheTemplewasaChristianbrotherhooddedicatedtothemilitary protectionofpilgrimsandtheHolyLand,attractingfollowersandsuppor- ters throughout Christian Europe. This detailed study explores the close relationship between the Order of the Temple and the landowning familiesitrelieduponforsupport.FocusingontheregionsofBurgundy, Champagne and Languedoc, Jochen Schenk investigates the religious expectationsthatguidednobleandknightlyfamiliestofoundandsupport TemplarcommunitiesintheEuropeanprovinces,andexaminesthesocial dynamicsandmechanismsthattiedthesefamiliestoeachother.Thebook illustratesthecloseconnectionbetweenthepresenceofCisterciansandthe incidence of crusading within Templar family networks, and offers new insights into how collective identities and memory were shaped through ritualandtraditionamongmedievalFrench-speakingsocialelites. jochen schenk isResearchFellow(WissenschaftlicherMitarbeiter)at The German Historical Institute, London, and a Senior Member of WolfsonCollege,Cambridge. CambridgeStudiesinMedievalLifeandThought FourthSeries GeneralEditor: rosamond mckitterick ProfessorofMedievalHistory,UniversityofCambridge,andFellowofSidneySussexCollege AdvisoryEditors: christine carpenter ProfessorofMedievalEnglishHistory,UniversityofCambridge jonathan shepard The series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought was inaugurated by G.G. Coulton in 1921; Professor Rosamond McKitterick now acts as General EditoroftheFourthSeries,withProfessorChristineCarpenterandDrJonathan Shepard as Advisory Editors. The series brings together outstanding work by medieval scholars over a wide range of human endeavour extending from politicaleconomytothehistoryofideas. Alistoftitlesintheseriescanbefoundat: www.cambridge.org/medievallifeandthought TEMPLAR FAMILIES Landowning families and the Order of the Temple 1120–1307 in France, c. JOCHEN SCHENK cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107004474 ©JochenSchenk2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Schenk,Jochen,1974– Templarfamilies:landowningfamiliesandtheOrderoftheTempleinFrance, c.1120-1307/JochenSchenk. p. cm.–(Cambridgestudiesinmedievallifeandthought;4thser.,79) Includesbibliographicalreferences. isbn978-1-107-00447-4 1. Templars–France–History. 2. Upperclassfamilies–France–History. 3. France–History–14thcentury. I. Title. cr4755.f7s34 2011 9440.025–dc22 2011015546 isbn978-1-107-00447-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofurlsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Listofmaps pageviii Acknowledgements ix Listofabbreviations xi introduction 1 2 Historiography 14 Methodology 19 Thesources 23 Structure 1 templar families 31 32 Endowmentsandtransactions 32 Donations 37 Businesstransactions 45 LayassociationwiththeTemple 46 Confraternity 58 Thedonat 70 Militesadterminum 2 the religious context of templar support 75 79 Templarsupportamongthesecularclergy 83 BishopsandchurchofficialsfromTemplarfamilies 85 TemplarfamiliesandCîteaux 86 TheCistercianlegacyintheTemple 95 TemplarfamiliesandtheCisterciansinBurgundyandChampagne 104 TemplarfamiliesandtheCisterciansinLanguedoc TemplarfamiliesandtheChurch:involvementbeyond 114 Cîteaux ThereligiousassociationsofTemplarfamilies:variety 115 andpreference 3 templars and families 126 129 Theintensityoffamilyinvolvement v Contents 132 TheimpactofheresyandtheAlbigensiancrusades Evidenceforearlylong-terminvolvementinBurgundy 139 andChampagne 141 ATemplarfamily:thelordsofGrancey 146 Thesocialsignificanceoftransactions 147 Thelaudatio Transactionsas‘socialglue’ 149 157 TheTemplarsaslordsandneighbours 160 Friendshipandfeudalnetworks 162 TheinfluenceoftheTrencavels 164 AlordshipandfriendshipnetworkinBurgundy 166 AlordshipandfriendshipnetworkinComminges 171 Templarsinthenetwork 4 family networks 174 177 Theroleofwomen 183 Networksinexistence 184 ThenetworkofComminges Burgundian–Champenoisnetworks 188 5 crusading and its legacy in templar families 203 Communicatingtheideal:popularperception 206 oftheTempleasacrusadinginstitution 207 TheinfluenceofBernardofClairvaux 209 Papalandepiscopalpromotion 211 PopularawarenessofthemilitaryroleoftheTemple 215 ThecrusadingcontextofTemplarsupport 215 Preparingforthejourney 221 DesirefortheHolyLand 223 Oncrusade 229 Returningfromcrusade 229 Spiritualawareness 231 Gratitude 232 Memoryandobligations 234 ThecrusadinglegacyinTemplarfamilies 238 ThecorrelationbetweencrusadingandTemplarsupport 239 Thecrusadinglegacy:sixexamples 245 Templarandcrusadernetworks conclusion 250 Bibliography 266 Appendix: Genealogies 292 293 (a) BurgundyandChampagne 1: BaudementandDreux 294 vi Contents 2: Broyes–Châteauvillain–Rethel 295 3: Chacenay–Arcis-sur-Aube–Bar-sur-Seine 296 4: Grancey 297 5: Mello 298 6: Mont-Saint-Jean 299 7: Noyers 300 8: Tilchâtel 301 293 (b) Languedoc 1: Aspet 302 2: Aure 303 3: Comminges 304 4: MartresandTersac 305 Index 306 vii MAPS 1. Burgundy page8 2. ChampagneandBrie 10 3. LanguedocandProvence 12 viii