Telecommunication Circuits and Technology Telecommunication Circuits and Technology Andrew Leven BSc (Hons), MSc, CEng, MIEE, MIP OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 2000 © Andrew Leven 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers While the author has attempted to mention all parties, if we have failed to acknowledge use of information or product in the text, our apologies and acknowledgement. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7506 5045 1 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Replika Press Pvt Ltd, Delhi 110 040, India Printed and bound by MPG Books, Bodmin Cornwall 1 Oscillators .................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................. 1 1.2 The principles of oscillation.......................... 2 1.3 The basic structure and requirements of an oscillator........................................................ 3 1.4 RC oscillators............................................... 5 Phase-shift oscillators......................................... 6 Wien bridge oscillator ......................................... 8 The twin-T oscillator............................................ 11 1.5 LC oscillators ............................................... 13 The Colpitts oscillator ......................................... 13 The Hartley oscillator .......................................... 18 The Clapp oscillator ............................................ 21 The Armstrong oscillator..................................... 23 1.6 Crystal oscillators......................................... 24 1.7 Crystal cuts .................................................. 25 1.8 Types of crystal oscillator ............................ 25 1.9 Oscillator frequency stability ........................ 26 1.10 Integrated circuit oscillators ....................... 31 1.11 Further problems ....................................... 33 ..........2.. .M...o..d..u...l.a..t.i.o..n.. .s..y. stems ......................................2...1.. .I.n..t.r.o.duction 2.2 Analogue modulation techniques................. 53 Amplitude modulation ......................................... 53 Power distribution in an AM wave....................... 55 Amplitude modulation techniques....................... 58 2.3 The balanced modulator/ demodulator ........ 60 2.4 Frequency modulation and demodulation.... 61 Bandwidth and Carson˝s rule.............................. 66 2.5 FM modulators............................................. 69 2.6 FM demodulators ......................................... 71 The phase-locked loop demodulator .................. 71 The ratio detector................................................ 72 2.7 Digital modulation techniques...................... 73 Frequency shift keying........................................ 73 Phase shift keying (BPSK).................................. 76 Quadrature phase shift keying............................ 78 2.8 Further problems ......................................... 80 ..................3.. .F..i.l.t.e..r. .a..p...p..l.i.c.ations ......................................3...1.. .I.n..t.r.o.duction 3.2 Passive filters............................................... 97 3.3 Active filters ................................................. 98 Filter response.................................................... 98 Cut-off frequency and roll-off rate ....................... 99 Filter types .......................................................... 100 Filter orders......................................................... 100 3.4 First-order filters........................................... 101 3.5 Design of first-order filters............................ 104 3.6 Second-order filters ..................................... 106 Low-pass second-order filters............................. 106 3.7 Using the transfer function........................... 110 3.8 Using normalized tables .............................. 112 3.9 Using identical components......................... 113 3.10 Second-order high-pass filters................... 113 3.11 Additional problems ................................... 119 3.12 Bandpass filters ......................................... 120 3.13 Additional problems ................................... 124 3.14 Switched capacitor filter ............................. 124 3.15 Monolithic switched capacitor filter ............ 126 3.16 The notch filter ........................................... 127 Twin- T network .................................................. 128 The state variable filter ....................................... 129 3.17 Choosing components for filters ................ 132 Resistor selection ............................................... 132 Capacitor selection ............................................. 132 3.18 Testing filter response ............................... 133 Signal generator and oscilloscope method......... 133 The sweep frequency method ............................ 136 4 Tuned am..p..l.i.f.i.e..r. .a..p...p..l.i.c.ations ......................................4...1.. .I.n..t.r.o.duction 4.2 Tuned circuits .............................................. 162 4.3 The Q factor ................................................. 163 4.4 Dynamic impedance .................................... 164 4.5 Gain and bandwidth..................................... 164 4.6 Effect of loading ........................................... 166 4.7 Effect of tapping the tuning coil.................... 169 4.8 Transformer- coupled amplifier .................... 173 4.9 Tuned primary.............................................. 173 4.10 Tuned secondary ....................................... 177 4.11 Double tuning............................................. 181 4.12 Crystal and ceramic tuned amplifiers......... 184 4.13 Integrated tuned amplifiers ........................ 188 4.14 Testing tuned amplifiers............................. 192 4.15 Further problems ....................................... 192 ......................5.. .P..o..w...e..r. .a..m....plifiers ......................................5...1.. .I.n..t.r.o.duction 5.2 Transistor characteristics and parameters... 218 Using transistor characteristics ........................... 219 5.3 Transistor bias ............................................. 221 Voltage divider bias ............................................ 225 5.4 Small signal voltage amplifiers .................... 227 5.5 The use of the decibel ................................. 229 5.6 Types of power amplifier.............................. 230 Class A (single-ended) amplifier ......................... 230 Practical analysis of class A single- ended parameters.......................................................... 234 Class B push-pull (transformer) amplifier ........... 234 Crossover distortion............................................ 235 Class B complementary pair push- pull .............. 236 Practical analysis of class B push-pull parameters.......................................................... 237 5.7 Calculating power and efficiency ................. 244 5.8 Integrated circuit power amplifiers ............... 248 LM380................................................................. 249 TBA 820M........................................................... 250 TDA2006 ............................................................ 250 5.9 Radio frequency power amplifiers ............... 251 5.10 Power amplifier measurements ................. 252 5.11 Further problems ....................................... 254 6 Phase- locked loops and syn..t.h..e. sizers ......................................6...1.. .I.n..t.r.o.duction 6.2 Operational considerations .......................... 276 6.3 Phase-locked loop elements........................ 277 Phase detector ................................................... 277 Amplifier .............................................................. 279 Voltage-controlled oscillator................................ 280 Filter .................................................................... 281 6.4 Compensation.............................................. 281 The Bode plot ..................................................... 281 Delay networks ................................................... 283 Compensation analysis....................................... 283 6.5 Integrated phase-locked loops..................... 290 6.6 Phase-locked loop design using the HCC4046B......................................................... 293 6.7 Frequency synthesis.................................... 296 Prescaling ........................................................... 298 6.8 Further problems ......................................... 301 7 Microwave devices and c.o..m...p...onents ......................................7...1.. .I.n..t.r.o.duction 7.2 Phase delay and propagation velocity ......... 330 7.3 The propagation constant and secondary constants ........................................................... 331 7.4 Transmission line distortion ......................... 332 7.5 Wave reflection and the reflection coefficient........................................................... 333 7.6 Standing wave ratio ..................................... 335 7.7 Fundamental waveguide characteristics...... 337 Transmission modes........................................... 337 Skin effect ........................................................... 338 The rectangular waveguide ................................ 338 Cut-off conditions ................................................ 339 7.8 Microwave passive components.................. 344 The directional coupler ....................................... 345 Waveguide junctions........................................... 346 Cavity resonators ................................................ 347 Probes ................................................................ 352 Circulators and isolators ..................................... 354 7.9 Microwave active devices ............................ 356 Solid-state devices.............................................. 356 Microwave tubes ................................................. 356 Multicavity magnetrons ....................................... 357 7.10 Further problems ....................................... 367 A B..e..s..s..e..l. .t.a..b..l.e.. .a..n..d.. .g. raphs B Analysis of ga..i.n.. .o..f.f.. .r.e..s..o. nance C Circuit analysis for a tuned primary ........................................................a..m. plifier D Circuit analysis for a tuned s.e..c..ondary E Circuit analysis for .d..o..u..b..l.e.. .tuning ................................................................. Index