Ottorino Veneri Editor Technologies and Applications for Smart Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Technologies and Applications for Smart Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Ottorino Veneri Editor Technologies and Applications for Smart Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Editor OttorinoVeneri CNR-NationalResearchCouncilofItaly IstitutoMotori Naples,Italy ISBN978-3-319-43649-4 ISBN978-3-319-43651-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-43651-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016955540 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgments Thisbookwouldnothavebeen possiblewithoutthehelpandsupportofacertain number of people, and I would like to express in this paragraph my enormous gratitudetoallofthem. IwouldliketothankTiffany Gasbarrini(Springer,USA) for providingme the motivations to start the project of this book. She gave me the right support and suggestionstoworkaseditorofthisbook.Thisofferedmetheopportunitytowork with experts, coming from all around the world, in various fields of applications, associatedwithSmartGrids.Ihavetorecognizethatthisexperienceincreasedthe rangeofmyknowledgeandexperience. I would like to thank all the authors of this book for their technical scientific validcontributionsandtheirhelptorevisesomepartsofthisbook. I would like to thank Huamin Zhang (Energy Storage Division of Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, P. R. China), Pietro Tricoli (School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems University of Birmingham, UK), Pompeo Marino(SUN—SecondaUniversit(cid:1)adegliStudidiNapoli,DepartmentofInforma- tion Technology, Aversa, Italy), Luigi Rubino (SUN—Seconda Universit(cid:1)a degli Studi diNapoli,Department ofInformation Technology, Aversa,Italy),and Aldo Perfetto(DIETI—DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandInformationTechnol- ogy,UniversityofNaples“FedericoII”,Italy)whohelpedmewiththereviewsof mostofthechaptersofthisbook. I would like to thank Luisa Iovine (Istituto Professionale Statale “Rainulfo Drengot” Aversa, Italy) and Pippa White (UK) for their kind help in the English revisionoftheIntroductiontothebook. Finally, I would like to thank Charles Glaser (Springer, USA), Zoe Kennedy (Springer, USA), Paul Joseph Matthews (Springer Nature, India), and Sarumathi Hemachandirane(SPiContentSolutions–SPiGlobal)formakingthismanuscript apublicationsuccess. v Contents PartI OverviewofTechnologies 1 VehicleElectrification:MainConcepts,EnergyManagement, andImpactofChargingStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ReinhardMadlener,VincenzoMarano,andOttorinoVeneri 2 ACandDCMicrogridwithDistributedEnergyResources. . . . . . . 39 DongChenandLieXu 3 IntegrationofRenewableEnergySources intotheTransportationandElectricitySectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 VamsiKrishnaPathipati,ArashShafiei,GiampaoloCarli, andSheldonS.Williamson 4 ChargingArchitecturesforElectricandPlug-InHybrid ElectricVehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 SebastianRivera,SamirKouro,andBinWu 5 BatteryTechnologiesforTransportationApplications. . . . . . . . . . . 151 JavierCampillo,ErikDahlquist,DmitriL.Danilov, NimaGhaviha,PeterH.L.Notten,andNathanZimmerman PartII OverviewofApplications 6 Plug-InElectricVehicles’AutomatedChargingControl: iZEUSProject. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 209 DavidDallinger,RobertKohrs,MichaelMierau,SimonMarwitz, andJuliusWesche vii viii Contents 7 ExperiencesandApplicationsofElectricandPlug-InHybrid VehiclesinPowerSystemNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 CagilOzansoy,TahaSelimUstun,andAladinZayegh PartIII AdoptionandMarketDiffusion 8 PerceptionsandAdoptionofEVsforPrivate UseandPolicyLessonsLearned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 IanaVassilevaandReinhardMadlener Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 About the Authors Javier Campillo received his Ph.D. in energy engi- neering from Ma¨lardalen University in Va¨stera˚s, Swe- den,in2016.HeholdsanM.Sc.inenergyengineering from Ma¨lardalen University in 2007 and an electronic engineering degree from Tecnolo´gica de Bol´ıvar Uni- versityinCartagena,Colombia,in2003.Hehascarried out his research focused on developing computational modelsforsimulatingfutureactiveelectricdistribution networks with high penetration of distributed genera- tion,demandsidemanagement,andelectricvehicles. Giampaolo Carli is a power electronics specialist presently working in the domain of high-voltage gen- eration for X-ray systems at EMD Technologies in Saint-Eustache, Canada. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at McGill University in1984,hedevotedmanyyearstothepowerelectron- icsindustryinvariousfieldsrangingfromindustrialand commercial computer systems, telecom, and LED lighting. In 2009 he obtained an M.S. in electrical engineering from Concordia University in Montreal withspecializationinelectricvehiclechargingtechnol- ogy and infrastructure. Besides his technical pursuits, he also enjoys playing and composingmusicaswellasthestudyofphysics,metaphysics,andphilosophy. ix x AbouttheAuthors Dong Chen received his B.Eng. from Southeast Uni- versity, Nanjing, China, in 2006; M.Sc. from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in2008; andPh.D. from theQueen’sUniversityofBelfast,Belfast,UK,in2012. He is currently a lecturer with the School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledo- nian University. He was previously with Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK, and Guodian Nanjing Automation, Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China. His research interest includes DC microgrid, power electronics applications to power systems, active distribution powersystem,andmotioncontrol. Erik Dahlquist received his Ph.D. in chemical engi- neering at Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in 1991. From 1997 to 2000 he was Associate Professor at KTM and from May 2000 he is Full Professor at MalardalenUniversity,Vasteras.Hestartedworkingat ASEA Research from September 1975. He worked as engineer on nuclear power, troubleshooting of electri- cal equipments and manufacturing processes until 1980. From 1980 to 1992 he worked with Novatune on a self-tuning adaptive controller for waste water treatment.Hehasalsoworkedasengineerengineering withASEAOilandGassincethiscompanywasformed.Hewastechnicalproject managerforthedevelopmentofaCrossFlowMembranefilter.From1989to1992 heworkedasprojectleaderfortheABBsBlackLiquorGasificationproject.From 1992 to 1995 he worked as manager of the Combustion and Process Technology Department at ABB Corporate Research Centre. He also joined member of the Director BoardoftheABBCorporateResearchCentreinVasteras.FromJanuary 1996toApril2000heworkedasGeneralMangerwithABBAutomationSystems. HerehewasinchargeoftheProductUnit,called“PulpApplications”.Since2000 hehasworkedasResearchDirectoroftheFutureEnergyCentre,whichemploys27 researchersand45Ph.D.studentsoftheRoyalAcademyofEngineering.Heholds 25 patents. He is co-author of about 260 scientific papers, refereed journals and conference proceedings with referee procedure. He is co-author of book chapters andeditor/coeditoroftenbooks. AbouttheAuthors xi DavidDallinger completedadegreeinbusinessengi- neeringatJenaUniversityofAppliedSciencesin2006, andanM.Sc.inmechanicalengineeringandaPh.D.in electricalengineeringatKasselUniversityin2008and 2012,respectively.HehasbeenemployedatABBHigh VoltageinSwitzerlandandinChinafrom2005to2006 and joined the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI in Karlsruhe from 2008 until 2014.HewasavisitingscientistattheEnergyAnalysis Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Labo- ratory in California and served as a member of the International Energy Agency Task Force: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. He is currently working with Volkswagen in the technical development department for electricvehicles. Dmitri L. Danilov has a background in physics and mathematicsandobtainedhisMSc.fromSaint-Peters- burgUniversityin1993.In1997hestartedhisPh.D.at the University of Tilburg, studying model selection procedures and pretesting. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2003. At the end of 2002, he joined Eurandom at the TUEcampus,firstbeinginvolvedinresearchactivities on“BatteryManagementandBatteryModelling”EET project, then continued his work on “3D Integrated Batteries” SenterNovem project, FP7 SUPERLION, andEniacBATTMANprojects.Heconductedresearch on aging and state-of-charge indication for Li-ion rechargeable batteries and var- iousaspectsofhydrogenstorage.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludemathemat- ical modeling for complex electrochemical systems, including Li-ion and NiMH batteries,inparticularthermalbehavior,aging,anddegradationprocesses.Hehas publishedasauthorandcoauthormorethan50papersandbookcontributions. Nima Ghaviha received his B.S. in industrial engi- neering from Sharif University of Technology, Iran, and his M.S. in product and process development from Ma¨lardalen University, Sweden. He recently got hislicentiatedegreeinenergyandenvironmentalengi- neering from Ma¨lardalen University and is currently working toward getting his Ph.D. at Future Energy Center at the same university, developing his research workinenergyoptimizationoftraintransportation.The focusofhisresearchisonenergyefficienttrainopera- tionforelectricmultipleunitsandbattery-drivenelec- tric multiple units, in cooperation with SICS Swedish ICT and Bombardier Transportation,Sweden.