Technical Memorandum Soil Survey in the Vicinity of GE-Hitachi, Toronto, Ontario 2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Technical Memorandum Soil Survey in the Vicinity of GE-Hitachi, Toronto, Ontario 2013 Ontario Ministry of the Environment Report Prepared by: Terrestrial Assessment Unit Air Monitoring and Transboundary Air Sciences Section Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch Report No. S3061-2013 Report Completion Date: September 2013 © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2013 PIBS 9546e 1 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Introduction GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy Canada Incorporated (GE-Hitachi) operates a uranium dioxide fuel pellet fabrication facility located at 1025 Lansdowne Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. At this facility, natural uranium dioxide powder is mixed with 0.2% zinc stearate and pressed into pellets. The pellets are sintered (heated just below the melting temperature so the particles fuse into a solid mass) to create a hard ceramic grade pellet. The pellet is dried, ground to meet specifications, and shipped to a GE-Hitachi facility in Peterborough, Ontario where they are used to make fuel bundles. The maximum foreseeable (5 year) annual production rate of natural uranium fuel pellets at GE-Hitachi’s Lansdowne Avenue facility is 1200 Megagrams (Church and Trought, 2010). GE-Hitachi monitors air and water emissions of uranium at it Lansdowne facility as part of its license agreement and conducts an annual soil survey. The soil survey involves collecting soil samples from 49 sites in the vicinity of the facility, including soil deposited around storm sewer grates, soil at the base of fence posts, soil-like material on an adjacent railway right-of-way and soil from select boulevard sites. In 2012, the maximum soil uranium concentration reported by GE-Hitachi was 10.8 µg/g, with an average uranium concentration of 1.9 µg/g (GE-Hitachi, 2012). In June 2012, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE or Ministry) Terrestrial Assessment Unit (TAU) collected surface soil samples in the vicinity of GE-Hitachi’s Lansdowne facility at the request of the Ministry’s Toronto District Office to confirm surface soil concentrations of uranium in the surrounding community. Methods On June 12 and 13, 2013, TAU staff sampled soil from 24 boulevard, park and/or municipal right-of-way sites in the vicinity of GE-Hitachi, Toronto following standard operating procedures (Maps 1 and 2). Sampling started with the most distant sites (e.g., control sites) and ended with sites closest to the facility. At 17 of the sites, a two by two meter sampling area was delineated with orange traffic cones and nine cores of soil were collected in a three by three grid pattern and combined to form a composite sample (Photo 1). At 4 boulevard sites, the strip of grass was not wide enough to accommodate a two by two meter sampling design and a smaller area (0.6 to 1.5 m wide and 2 m long) was sampled in a similar manner. At 3 sites, the strip of grass was so narrow that the nine cores had to be collected in a line two or four meters long. In all cases, a buffer of at least 0.5 m was included next to any roads, sidewalks or driveways. At 21 of the 24 sites, the nine cores of soil were collected to a depth of 20 cm (or to refusal) using a stainless steel soil corer (Star Quality Samplers with 2.5 centimeter (cm) internal diameter). At 3 sites, the soil was only sampled to a depth of 0- 5 cm due to refusal at depth (i.e., gravel, stones) or to maintain consistency with GE- Hitachi’s sampling methodology (GE-Hitachi’s boulevard sampling locations). 2 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Map1: Aerial photograph of the Lansdowne Avenue and Dupont Street area of Toronto, with all MOE soil sampling sites superimposed on the map. Source:Data provided by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources © Copyright: 2007 First Base Solutions Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Map2: Aerial photograph of the Lansdowne Avenue and Dupont Street area of Toronto, with MOE soil sampling sites within 1000 m of GE Hitachi superimposed on the map. Source:Data provided by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources © Copyright: 2007 First Base Solutions Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 At 16 sites, soil was collected by manually pushing the corer into the soil to a depth of 20 cm. The corer was extracted and the soil plug was divided into intervals of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm using a five cm wide stainless steel scrapper. At 5 sites, where there was refusal before the 20 cm sampling depth, the samples were collected to a depth of 15 cm. At 3 sites, only the surface soil (0-5 cm) was collected. At all sites, each of the 5 cm long plugs of soil were placed in a new polyethylene bags that corresponded to the depth of soil sampled. This process was repeated nine times at each site to collect one composite soil sample comprised of nine plugs of soil for each of the depth intervals. Duplicate composite samples (identified as A and B) were collected at each site to provide a check on sampling and laboratory variability. In total, 176 soil samples were collected as part of the MOE’s 2013 soil survey. Prior to sampling, the soil corer and scrapper were washed in a solution of laboratory detergent and rinsed with distilled-deionized water. New disposable gloves (Neo Pro® powder-free chloroprene examination gloves) were worn at each site. The sampling sites and one of the soil cores extracted at each site (usually the first core) were photographed using a digital camera (Canon Rebel XT) (Photos 1 and 2). The Universal Transverse Mercators (UTMs) for each site were recorded with a GPS receiver (GPSMAP 60CSx, Garmin Limited)(Table A1, Appendix A) and a sketch map of each site was prepared showing the sampling location and measured distances to structures such as fences, hydro poles, or roads (on file with the TAU). Following collection, the 176 soil samples were forwarded to the TAU sample processing laboratory at 125 Resources Road in Toronto, where they were processed (air-dried, homogenized, and sieved, first through a 2mm sieve and then ground and passed through a 355µm sieve). The processed samples were submitted to the Ministry’s Laboratory Services Branch (LSB) where they were analyzed for uranium using the laboratory accredited methodE3214A. Concentrations are reported in micrograms per gram (µg/g) on a dry weight basis. 5 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Photo 1: Photograph of the northeast corner of Beaver Lightbourn Park showing four orange cones delineating a two by two meter area where soil samples were collected. Photograph by M. Dixon, 12 June, 2013. Photo 2: Typical core of soil to a depth of 20 cm. Photograph by M. Dixon, 12 June, 2013 6 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Results and Discussion The Ministry’s soil, ground water, and sediment standards are for use under Part XV.I of the Environmental Protection Act and are referred to in Ontario Regulation 153/04 Record of Site Condition (O.Reg. 153/04). These standards were specifically developed to assist landowners in the clean-up and redevelopment of contaminated sites. The environmental standards in O. Reg. 153/04 are, however, sometimes used to interpret soil, sediment, and ground water quality outside of the purposes of O. Reg. 153/04. In these situations, sampling results that are elevated with respect to the O. Reg. 153/04 standards do not necessarily indicate that remediation is required or that adverse effects will or have occurred (see Appendix B for more information on the use of the O. Reg. 153/04 soil standards to interpret soil sampling results). In this report, soil concentrations of uranium are compared to the background (Table 1) and generic effects-based soil standards (Table 3) found under O. Reg. 153/04. Uranium is a common element in Ontario soils, with background concentrations ranging up to 1.9 µg/g in old urban parkland and 2.1 µg/g in rural parkland (MOE, 1993). The soils sampled in the vicinity of GE Hitachi were all within this typical background concentration range and noneof the samples collected were above either the O. Reg. 153/04 Table 1 background or Table 3 genericeffects based soil standards. It is understood that GE-Hitachi is a source of uranium, however there was no evidence that emissions from this facility have contaminated the surrounding neighbourhood to concentrations above typical background levels. In the 2012 GE-Hitachi soil survey, uranium concentrations ranged up to 10.8 µg/g and several sites reported uranium concentrations that were elevated with respect to the O. Reg. 153/04 Table 1 background standards (GE Hitachi, 2012). The results from the GE-Hitachi soil survey are not directly comparable to the Ministry soil survey due to differences in sampling methodologies, sampling design, sampling locations, and analytical methods. In the GE-Hitachi soil survey, the majority of the sites sampled were located on either the railway right-of-way immediately south of the facility or at the base of fence posts bordering the right-of-way. With the exception of one sample, all GE-Hitachi samples reporting uranium concentrations above the O. Reg. 153/04 Table 1 background standard were collected from the railway lands. The focus of the MOE’s 2013 soil survey was not on the railway lands, which are fenced and not readily accessible to the public, but rather on the residential neighbourhoods surrounding GE-Hitachi. Also, many of the soil samples collected by GE-Hitachi were collected from storm sewer grates, which were not sampled by the Ministry. Nevertheless, two of the GE-Hitachi sampling sites (GE-Hitachi Sites 38 and 47) were collected on boulevards that were a close match to the type of sites sampled by the Ministry and so these areas were re-sampled by the MOE (MOE Sites 21 and 7). The values reported by GE-Hitachi for these two sites in 2012 are slightly higher than the MOE results (Table B), but given the differences in sampling methodologies, sample areas and analytical methods, the results can be considered similar. 7 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 Table B: Surface soil uranium concentrations in samples collected by GE-Hitachi and the MOE from two boulevard sites in the vicinity of GE-Hitachi, Toronto, 2013 MOE GE-Hitachi Uranium concentration Uranium concentration Site (µg/g) Site (µg/g) 7 0.81 ±0.13 47 1.2 7 0.81 ±0.13 21 0.63 ±0.11 38 0.9 21 0.62 ±0.11 The Ministry collected surface soil at a depth interval of 0-5 cm at all sites. This sampling depth is the same depth interval upon which the O. Reg. 153/04 Table 1 background soil standards are based. In the current survey, the soil was often sampled to a depth of 20 cm in five centimetre increments. This method of sampling has been used effectively by the Ministry in Port Hope to track the aerial deposition of uranium from an industrial source onto local soils. In Port Hope, a strong gradient of decreasing uranium concentrations with soil depth has been documented at sites close to the source (MOE, 2004). In the current survey, this type of gradient in soil uranium concentrations with depth was not generally observed. Only one site (Site 13) showed a weak pattern of decreasing uranium concentrations with depth (Table A). This site is downwind of GE-Hitachi and the pattern in uranium concentrations observed in the soil collected may reflect uranium deposition from GE-Hitachi. Overall, there was little evidence that emissions from GE-Hitachi have had a measureable effect on soil uranium concentrations in the residential areas surrounding this facility. Although all of the results were relatively low and below background levels, uranium concentrations tended to be slightly higher in the deeper soil (15-20 cm) and lower in the surface soil (0-5 cm) at a few sites adjacent to GE-Hitachi (Sites 19, 20, and 23)(Table A). Although it is possible that historically deposited uranium may have leached down through the soil profile with time, metals such as uranium tend to bind to organic matter and finer soil particles and do not readily move down the soil profile. At these sites, it is more likely that cleaner soil has been deposited over soil with higher uranium concentrations, possibly due to construction activities, such as replacing curbs or re-sodding. These three sites, which are adjacent to the GE Hitachi property, had the highest uranium concentrations detected in the MOE’s 2013 soil survey and it is likely that emissions or possibly run-off from the GE-Hitachi parking/loading dock area have slightly increased the soil uranium concentrations in these areas. Nevertheless, the uranium concentrations at these sites were relatively low and within normal background levels. 8 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013 G.E. Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 In order to determine whether there was a pattern of decreasing uranium concentrations with increasing distance from the source, surface soil (0-5 cm) uranium concentrations were plotted against distance from GE-Hitachi (Figure 1). As can be seen in this figure, there is no pattern of either decreasing or increasing soil uranium concentrations with distance from GE-Hitachi. One of the highest surface soil uranium concentrations was reported at a boulevard site located furthest from the facility. The surface soil sample taken at the control site, approximately 3 ½ kilometres from the GE Hitachi site, was comparable to the samples collected near the facility with all sample results being below background. These data suggest that uranium emissions from GE-Hitachi have not created a gradient in uranium concentrations in the soils in the surrounding residential neighbourhoods. Figure 1: Average uranium concentrations in surface soil (0-5 cm) at 24 sites at various distances from GE Hitachi, Toronto - 2013 9 Report Number: Phyto – S3061-2013