Technical guide for master trainers: Earthquake resistant buildings using local materials in Kafal Ghar (Kashmir, Pakistan) CRATerre-ENSAG Matthieu Dupont de Dinechin Grenoble Olivier Moles BP 2636 60 Avenue de Constantine With the participation of: 38036 Grenoble Cedex 2, France Fabrizio Boghi +33 (0) 4 76 40 66 25 Wilfredo Carazas-Aedo +33 (0) 4 76 22 72 56 Michel Dayre [email protected] Alexandre Douline Samuel Dugelay www.craterre.archi.fr Philippe Garnier Majid Hajmirbaba Thierry Joffroy Maya Pic In partnership with: 23rd of june 2006 CREDITS With the support of: FONDATION FONDATION HELPERS INDUS ABBE PIERRE DE FRANCE FOUNDATION EARTH With a special thank for their contribution to: Mr Guy Besacier (Emergency-Engineering) Mr Ferruccio Ferrigni (Ravelo University) Mr Jean-Robert Grasso (LGIT, Laboratory of Geophysics and Technophysics of Grenoble ) Mr Stephane Hans (ENTPE, National Institution for Government Public Works) Mr Jean-Claude Morel (ENTPE) All the 2D and 3D drawings, and all the photo editing have been made using Open-Source softwares: www.inkscape.org www.blender3d.org www.gimp.org CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 SUMMARY introduction ............................................................................................... 0-1 generals ..................................................................................................... 1-17 foundations ............................................................................................... 2-43 masonry .................................................................................................... 3-54 walls ........................................................................................................... 4-66 proposals for improvment of walls resistance ...................................... 5-93 roof ............................................................................................................. 7-102 others......................................................................................................... 8-115 annexes ..................................................................................................... A-120 summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 INTRODUCTION 0-1 Area of applicability of this guide This guide is primarily aimed to be used for the projects of reconstruction of the village of Kafal Ghar, in the Bagh district , Kashmir, Pakistan. The reader should know that: The general methodological approach of this guide can be adapted to other regions. Some of the technical proposal are specifically fitted to the cultural, economical and social context of Kafal Ghar and may not be usable directly in other regions. summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 0-2 LESSON PLAN Origin of earthquakes Session duration: 1 hour Objectives: Make participant conscious that earthquake are recurrent and intensity may vary Help Trainees to develop an earthquake prone area behaviour ( identify indicator, plan of rescue, etc.) and conscientize them about the ne- cessity to advocate for the development of such behaviour. Method: Help trainees to understand the tectonics plate movements. Trainees will share their knowledge about earthquake, the trainers will synthetise and complete after trainees restitutions. He will illustrate the plate movement and their consequences. Ask trainees to talk about their previous experience when they faced the earthquake, and to develop a security plan based on the lessons learnt. Trainer Session Pedagogical Tools : team support : Lecture Preparatory work : Demonstration: Two flat One Organise a board where can be fixed the pedagogical material (plasticized paper) Possibility to stone. trainer for Organise the room or open site in order to help trainees to have free access to all the documenta- use two stone 20 partici- tion fixed on the boards to represent the pant Organise chairs, booknote and pen for participant tectonic plate. Translate necessary material in local language. Illustrate the various interac- Lecture: tion between the Introduction about the topic of the session The trainer will explain the necessity to understand a plate. Explain phenomenon before to try to develop adequate answer to face its potential effect. reason of earth- quake intensity. Trainees will be required to organise themselves in group of 4 to 6 persons in order to answer the following questions (the trainers may add other questions, adapt or complete these questions, this in order to its own sensibility). 20 mn will be given to the trainees to answer the questions. Then they will be required to restitute their discussion to the others. What do the trainees know about earthquake? (objective: to help trainees to share their knowledge and discuss this issue) Do they know how it happens? (objective: to help trainees to understand the recurance of such events) Do they remember precedent earthquake; does their ancestor was use to talk about earthquake? (objectives: To help to know about the periodicity of earthquake in the particular region. For the trainer, it may help to understand if there is chance or not for a surviving local sismic culture). Does this earthquake can be considered as a big one or a normal one in the region? (objectives: This question aim to give back confidence to the trainees in order to think on recon- struction. Even if there is no certitude, they may realise that the present earthquake was particu- lary big and that there is some chance for it to not happen again similarly in the next decades). Describe what were the different step of the earthquake? (sound, ground movement, animal behaviour; let the trainees relate the different things they no- tice). During the restitution, the trainer will help various trainees to interact on the subject and develop a common perception of the phenomenom. Then, he will synthesise and if necessary complete the information given by the trainees. It is recommended to use the trainees arguments or expalnation to develop this synthesis. Then, He will ask the trainees to develop a emergency policy related to their own families, or vil- lage. The trainer should be mind open and note interesting comments given by the trainees as it can give relevant information about the seismic activity in the area and about people perception of this phenomenon. Planning Before the session: Identify site for the session, taking care of potential risk related to weather conditions Take into account the method of working into group while selecting the site (need for group to isolate themselves during group work) Be sure of language to be used during the training. Lecture Take care to help all trainees to participate in the discussion. Leaders, or trainees who attented other related training may take the lead for all the group and reduce the interest of the participatory approach. After lecture Adjust the lecture plan as well as the pedagogical support if necessary. summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 INTRODUCTION 0-3 Origin of earthquakes: tectonic plates movements tectonic plates mantle external core internal core summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 0-4 LESSON PLAN Earthquake’s effects on buildings Session duration: 10mn Objectives : Help trainees to understand how a construction behaves when facing an earthquake. Aim: Help trainees to take into account the seismic effect when they will design and construct a building. Method : Interaction with the trainees • Help trainees to understand the various constraints given to a building by a seism • Help trainees to understand the movement generated. • Help trainees to understand possible effect on the building and its surrounding Trainer team Session Pedagogical Tools : support : Lecture Lecture: Demonstration: One trainer After a short recap on the Earthquake actions ask the trainees on One flex- for 20 train- how the soil may react to this phenomenon (what could be the differ- ible wooden or ees. ent movement created). plastic stick. Ø Illustrate the different waves and explain them shortly o Compression o Vertical movement o Horizontal movement o Elliptic movement Ø Dynamic effect Trainees guide: o Acceleration Copy of the o Speed flyers o Displacement o Frequency and intensity related to nature of the soil Then, ask the trainees on how these different phenomenons interact with the building. Ø Main action on the building o Vertical § Loose of mass o Horizontal o Torsion Then, ask the trainees on what could be the consequence of these actions to the building and its surrounding. Ø Main effect on buildings and its surrounding o Effect on the site (landslides, rolling rocks, etc) o Ground distortion o Separation of element o Shearing of the element Planning J- 5 weeks Identify in the area existing example of the issue the trainers want to demonstrate. A compilation of picture may be addeb to the existing files containt into this trainer guide. Lecture Note all remarks and inputs from the trainees. After lecture Improve on the lecture contain, add relevant material according to trainees response to the one pre- sented. summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 INTRODUCTION 0-5 Earthquakes - presentation VOLUME WAVES SURFACE WAVES summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 INTRODUCTION 0-6 Earthquakes - presentation acceleration speed displacement summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006 INTRODUCTION 0-7 Earthquake’s effects on buildings vertical oscillations horizontal oscillations torsion oscillations summary CRATerre-ENSAG 2006