UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II YEAR I- SE MESTER I THEORY/PRACTICAL Version 1: December 2008 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TECHNICAL DRAWING COURSE CODE: BLD 107 WEEK 1 DRAWING EQUIPMENT 1.1 Equipment 1.2 Types of Lines 1.3 Application of Types WEEK 2 DRAWING SCALES AND LETTING METHOD 2.1 Drawing Scales 2.2 Lettering Methods WEEK 3 CIRCLES AND POLYGONS 3.1 Circles 3.2 Properties of A Circle 3.3 Polygons WEEK 4 LOCI 4.1parabola 4.2 Hyperbola 4.3 Ellipse WEEK 5 PROJECTION 5.1 Orthographic Projection 5.2 Multi views Projection 5.3 Differences Between First and Third Angle Projection WEEK 6 ISOMETRIC AND OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS 6.1 Isometric Projections 6.2 Oblique Pictorial Projections WEEK 7 PERSPECTIVE DRAWING 7.1 One- Point Perspective 7.2 Two Point Perspective 7.3 Three-Point Perspective WEEK 8 DIMENSIONS FOR TECHNICAL DRAWING 8.1 Types Of Dimensioning Techniques 8.2 Chain Dimensioning 8.3 Dimensioning Small Features 8.4 Dimensioning Circles 8.5 Dimensioning Radius 8.6 Simplified Dimensioning by Co-Ordinates 8.7 Arrangement of Dimensions WEEK 9 ABBREVIATIONS IN SYMBOLS USED IN MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND BUILDING DRAWING 9.1 Technical Drawing Symbols 9.2 Conventional Symbols 9.3 Line and Block Diagrams WEEK 10 FREE HAND SKETCHING 10.1 General Notes Before Sketching WEEK 11 SKETCHING THE VIEW FROM AND ACTUAL OBJECT 11.1 Oblique Sketching WEEK 12 THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE SIX VIEW OF AN OBJECT WEEK 13 MISSING VIEW 13.1 First Angle Projection 13.2 Third Angle of Projection WEEK 14 INTERSECTION OF SOLIDS WEEK 15 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS 15.1 Surface Development of Diagonal Box 15.2 Surface Development of a Hexagonal Box 15.3 Development of an Oblique Hexagonal Tube 15.4 Development of a Hexagonal Prism Cut By a Plan 15.5 Development of a Hexagonal Prism Cut By a Plane 15.6 Development of an Oblique Circular Tube 15.7 Development of a Cylindrical Cut By a Plane WEEK 1: DRAWING EQUIPMENT Introduction Technical drawing is concerned mainly with using lines, circles, arcs etc., to illustrate general configuration of an object. It is a language of communication between architects and Engineers, usually to convey information about the object. However, it is very important that the drawing produced to be accurate and clear. The ability to read and understand drawings is a skill that is very crucial for technical education students; this text aims at helping students to gain this skill in a simple and realistic way, and gradually progress through drawing and interpreting different level of engineering drawings. 1.1 Equipment Some basic equipment is necessary in order to learn drawing effectively, here are the main ones. o T-square: A T-square is a technical drawing instrument primarily used for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table, it is also used to guide the triangle that is used to draw vertical lines. The name “T-square” comes from the general shape of the instrument where the horizontal member of the T (blade) slides on the side of the drafting table. Figure (1. 1) o Set- square: A set square or triangle is a tool used to draw straight vertical lines at a particular planar angle to a baseline. The most common form of Set Square is a triangular piece of transparent plastic with the centre removed. The outer edges are typically beveled. These set squares come in two forms, both right triangles: one with 90-45-45 degree angles, and the other with 90-60-30 degree angles. Figure (1.2) o Compass: (Fig.1.2) (Fig.1.1) Compasses are usually made of metal, and consist of two parts connected by a hinge which can be adjusted. Typically one part has a spike at its end, and the other part a pencil. Circles can be made by pressing one leg of the compasses into the paper with the spike, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil around while keeping the hinge on the same angle. The radius of the circle can be adjusted by changing the angle of the hinge. Figure (1. 3) o Drawing table: It is a multi-angle desk which can be used in different angle according to the user requisite. The size suites most paper sizes, and are used for making and modifying drawings on paper with ink or pencil. Different drawing instruments such as set of squares, protractor, etc. are used on it to draw parallel, perpendicular or oblique lines. Figure (1. 4) o Irregular Curves (French curves): French curves are used to draw oblique curves other than circles or circular arc, they are irregular set of templates. Many different forms and sizes of curve are available. Figure (1. 5) (Fig.1. 5) (Fig.1.4) (Fig.1.3) o Protractor: The Protractor is a circular or semi-circular tool for measuring angles. The units of measurement used are degrees. Some protractors are simple half-discs. More advanced protractors usually have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measuring angles. Figure (1. 6) o Drawing Pencil: This is a hand-held instrument containing an interior strip of solid material that produces marks used to write and draw, usually on paper. The marking material is most commonly graphite, typically contained inside a wooden sheath. Mechanical pencils are nowadays more commonly used, especially 0.5mm thick Figure (1. 7) (Fig.1. 7) o Eraser: Erasers are article of stationery that are used for removing pencil writings. Erasers have made of rubbery material, and they are often white. Typical erasers are made of rubber, but more expensive or specialized erasers can also contain vinyl, plastic, or gum-like materials. Figure (1. 8) (Fig.1. 8) (Fig. 1.6) 1.2 Types of Lines: Usually lines created are all of the same thickness and type, but lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object, and it is important that appropriate line type is used in the right place, because each gives different meaning. o Line Thickness For most engineering drawings two thicknesses of lines are mainly required, a thick and thin one. The general recommendations are that thick lines to be twice as thick as the thin lines. A thick line is used for visible leader edges and outline A thin line is used for hatching, lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections. o Line Styles Line styles are used to clarify important features on drawings, some examples are as shown below. Figure (1. 9) (Fig.1. 9) – Line styles and types Line styles are used to graphically represent physical objects, and each has its own meaning, these include the following: • Visible lines - are continuous lines used to draw edges directly visible from a particular angle. • Hidden lines- are short-dashed lines that may be used to represent edges that are not directly visible. 1.3 Application of Types of Lines Thick long chain line with arrow heads for sectioning Ruled line with zig-zags to show continuity Thin short dashes to indicate hidden details Thick continuous line for outline of an object (Fig. 1.11) (Fig.1.10) WEEK 2: DRAWING SCALES AND LETTERING METHODS 2.1 Drawing Scales Generally, it is easier to produce and understand a drawing if it represents the true size of the object drawn. This is of course not always possible due to the size of the object to be drawn, that is why it is often necessary to draw enlargements of very small objects and reduce the drawing of very large ones, this is called “SCALE”. However, it is important when enlarging or reducing a drawing that all parts of the object are enlarged or reduced in the same ratio, so that the general configuration of the object is saved. Thus, scales are multiplying or dividing of dimensions of the object. The scale is the ratio between the size represented on the drawing and the true size of the object. Scale= Dimension to carry on the drawing ÷ True Dimension of the object. Examples: 1. Dimension carried on the drawing = 4mm. True dimension= 40mm Scale = 4 ÷ 40 = 1:10 2. Calculating drawing dimension of a line having a true dimension of 543 mm to a scale of 1/10. • If a true dimension of 10mm is represented as 1mm, a true dimension of 543mm is represented as X • Then 10 mm ----------------� 1 mm 543 mm----------------� X mm • We have 1/10= x ÷ 543 or X= 54.3mm. Therefore, a true dimension of 543mm is represented to a scale of 1/10 by a length of 54.3mm. 2.2 Lettering Methods Lettering is more as freehand drawing and rather of being writing. Therefore the six fundamental strokes and their direction for freehand drawing are basic procedures for lettering. There are a number of necessary steps in learning lettering, and they include the following: • Knowledge of proposition and form of letters and the orders of the stroke. • Knowledge of the composition the spacing of letters and words. • Persistent practices. Capital letters are preferred to lower case letters since they are easier to read on reduced size drawing prints although lower case letters are used where they from of a symbol or an abbreviation. Attention is drawn the standard to the letters and characters. Table (2.1) below give the recommendation for minimum size on particular drawing sheets: (Fig.2. 1) An example of scaling a drawing Table (2.1) Recommendations for minimum size of lettering on drawing sheets Application Drawing Sheets Size Minimum character height Drawing numbers, etc. A0, A1, A2 and A3 A4 5 mm 3 mm Dimension and notes A0 A1, A2, A3 and A4 3.5 mm 2.5 mm The spaces between lines of lettering should be consistent and preferably not less than half of the character height. There are two fundamental methods of writing the graphic languages freehand and with instruments. The direction of pencil movements are shown in Figure. (2.2) and (2.3). Vertical Capital Letters & Numerals (Fig.2.3) Vertical lower case letter (Fig.2.2) Vertical Capital Letters and Numerals Quiz Sheet (2): 1 Reproduce Figure (2.4) to a scale of 1:5. 2 Redraw Figure (2.5) to a scale of 3:1. 3 On a drawing sheet copy the following text in Figure (2.4) using the correct lettering methods: WEEK3: CIRCLES AND POLYGONS (Fig. 3. 2 ) 3.1 Circles o Definition A circle is a plane figure bounded by a curved line called the circumference, which is always equidistant from the centre. 3.2 PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE • A diameter is a straight line drawn through the centre meeting the circumference at both ends. • A radius is a straight line drawn from the centre to the circumference. • An arc is part of the circumference. • A chord is any straight line drawn across the circle meeting the circumference at both ends. • A tangent is a straight line which touches the circumference. It is always at right angles to the radius. • A segment is part of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord. • A sector is a part of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc. • A quadrant is part of a circle bounded by two radii at right angles and an arc. • Concentric circles are circles of the same centre but different radii • Eccentric circles are circles of different centres (Fig. 3.1) 3.3 Polygons o Definitions A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight sides. Polygons are frequently referred to have particular names. Some of these are listed below • A pentagon is a plane figure bounded by five sides • A hexagon is a plane figure bounded by six sides • A heptagon is a plane figure bounded by seven sides • An octagon is a plane figure bounded by eight sides • A nonagon is a plane figure bounded by nine sides • A decagon is a plane figure bounded by ten sides. • A regular polygon is one that has all its sides equal and therefore all its exterior angles equal and all its interior angles equal. • The diameter of that circle is called the diameter of the polygon. Fig. 3.3 Concentric Circles Fig. (3.4 Eccentric Circles