WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page i ACHIEVING QTS CROSS–CURRICULAR STRAND TEACHING LITERACY ACROSS THE PRIMARY CURRICULUM WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page iii AC H I E V I N G Q T S CROSS–CURRICULAR STRAND Teaching Literacy Across the Primary Curriculum David Wray WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page iv First published in 2006 by Learning Matters Ltd. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form by any means,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without prior permission in writing from Learning Matters. © 2006 David Wray British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13:978 1 84445 008 4 ISBN-10:1 84445 008 2 The right of David Wray to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,Design and Pantents Act 1988 Cover and text design by Topics – The Creative Partnership Project management by Deer Park Productions,Tavistock,Devon Typeset by Pantek Arts Ltd,Maidstone,Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cromwell Press,Trowbridge,Wiltshire Learning Matters Ltd 33 Southernhay East Exeter EX1 1NX Tel:01392 215560 [email protected] www.learningmatters.co.uk WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page v CONTENTS Introduction v 1. Why literacy across the primary curriculum? 1 2. Text types across the primary curriculum 11 3. Teaching non-fiction reading 28 4. Strategies for non-fiction reading 39 5. Teaching non-fiction writing 56 6. Literacy across the primary curriculum:looking at science 74 7. Literacy across the primary curriculum:looking at mathematics 89 8. Exploring electronic texts across the primary curriculum 106 Index 127 WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page vi WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page vii INTRODUCTION QTS standards This book is designed to help you meet the following standards for the award of QTS. Those recommended for the award of QTS (Q) should: 1.5 Q (a) Recognise the contribution that they and colleagues can make to the attainment, development and well-being of children and young people. 1.8 Q Adopt a creative and constructively critical approach towards innovation, adapting their practice where benefits and improvements are identified. 2.2 Q Know how to make effective provision for all those they teach,including those for whom English is an additional language,and how to take practical account of diversity and promote equality and inclusion in their teaching. 2.4 Q Have a secure knowledge and understanding of their subjects/curriculum areas to enable them to teach effectively across the age and ability range for which they are trained to teach. 2.9 Q Have a knowledge and understanding of a range of teaching,learning and behaviour management strategies and know how to use and adapt them to learners’ needs. 3.5 Q (a) Plan and teach lessons and sequences of lessons that are safe and well-organised, demonstrating secure subject knowledge relevant to the curricula across the age range for which they are trained. (b) Use a range of teaching strategies and resources,including e-learning,taking practical account of diversity and promoting equality and inclusion. (c) Provide opportunities for learners to develop their literacy,numeracy and ICT skills. Objectives: The aim of this section is to introduce you to: 1. The cross-curricular nature of reading and writing. 2. The need to broaden the teaching of literacy beyond the literacy hour. vii WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page viii INTRODUCTION Reading and writing in schools ‘Reading’ and ‘writing’ are both verbs which can be either transitive or intransitive. That is to say,they can either take a direct object or not.It makes perfectly good sense to say that a major aim of schooling is to produce children who can read and write,and here we are using these verbs intransitively.They are generic.Reading and writing are vital skills no matter what it is that you read or write. But we can also include in our expectations the aim that our children will learn to read and to write something.This something (we might,for the want of a better word, call it ‘text’) includes a huge range of material,the sheer scope of which can often surprise even experienced teachers.As an example of this,I recently shadowed one primary child (a 9-year-old boy – a Year 4 in the English system) throughout most of a school day,making a note of anything he read or wrote (or at least was supposed to be reading or writing).Here is an edited list of what I witnessed. Time Location Reading engaged in Writing engaged in 8.55 Playground Read a page from a comic with his friend 9.05 Classroom Read instructions on class Copied instruction into his whiteboard workbook 9.15 Hall Read hymn from overhead projector (OHP) 9.30 Classroom Read text on interactive Wrote alternative verb into whiteboard (IWB) IWB text Read list of ‘strong’ verbs Wrote sentences using on IWB strong verbs Read aloud from his sentences Revised one sentence by to class changing verb spelling used 11.00 Classroom Read maths problem on IWB Wrote his answer on his mini Read teacher’s answer whiteboard … repeated several times … Ticked his answer Read maths problem from … repeated several times … workbook Wrote answers to maths … repeated several times … problem … repeated several times … viii WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:49 pm Page ix INTRODUCTION Time Location Reading engaged in Writing engaged in 12.10 Hall Read lunch menu Read more from his comic Read a joke aloud to a friend 1.10 Classroom Read from his personal library Recorded pages read in his book reading record book 1.20 Classroom Read science investigation Wrote instructions in his instructions from whiteboard science book Reread instructions from his Wrote results of the book as he carried out the investigation in his book investigation … repeated several times … … repeated several times … 2.20 Classroom Read teacher’s account of the Wrote a summary of two investigation on whiteboard sentences in his book about Read aloud some of his results the investigation for teacher to write 2.35 Classroom Read musical notations from Wrote notation for his group’s whiteboard and played his musical composition castanets at appropriate points Read notation as the group played their composition back to class 3.15 Classroom Read class notice about a Wrote notes about school trip which he had to homework into his exercise take home to parents book What is perhaps a little surprising about this list is the revelation that just about every school event involved some kind of reading and writing.Some of this reading and writing was a focus of teaching,but,in most cases,the teacher just assumed this boy could do it.Her pedagogic attention was on other things for most of the school day. ix WRAY_A01.QXD 23/10/06 12:50 pm Page x INTRODUCTION Practical task Literacy shadowing Try to carry out a similar ‘pupil shadowing’exercise with two children (more if you can manage it) that you come across in the course of teaching placements.All you will need is a simple notebook in which to record any examples of reading and writing you see during a day. Make a note of what is being read or written,whether this involves individual or collaborative activity,and any outcome it has.Also note,in the case of classroom assigned reading and writing,whether the aim of the activity was to improve the child’s literacy or whether it had different aims. Look over what you have recorded and think about: • the range of reading and writing done; • any particular difficulties experienced by the child; • any assistance in reading and writing given by the teacher. Having done this kind of shadowing exercise with many primary children,what always surprises me is the sheer range of kinds of reading and writing that gets done. Even in the single example above,we see the reading of comics,instructions,hymns, individual words,maths text,menus,jokes,science instructions,science data,reports, musical notation,notices,and a similarly wide range of writing experiences.When we use reading and writing transitively,it is clear that they take a lot of direct objects. Also,it is quite likely that for most of the reading and writing a child does in a school day,because the reading and writing itself are not the main focus of the task,the child gets little support in the use of these skills.He/she is expected to ‘just do it’,and support and discussion are focused on the outcomes,that is,the subject content. The National Literacy Strategy approach When the National Literacy Strategy (Department for Education and Employment (DfEE),1998) was first introduced into primary schools in England,its main focus was upon the explicit,dedicated teaching of literacy,within tightly-defined and earmarked class time – reading and writing viewed intransitively.Such explicit attention was probably necessary as there was evidence,especially at Key Stage 2,that many teachers were ‘double-counting’ teaching time,claiming to be giving children instruc- tion and practice in reading and writing within the teaching of other subjects,such as history,environmental studies,etc..The evidence suggested that such an approach risked literacy teaching being planned as an afterthought to the teaching of the subject content,and the assumption being made that the skills involved in reading x