Teaching English t o Young Learners Joan Kang Shin English Language Center University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] Program Description Young learners should have fun with English! The purpose of this program is to introduce participants to the theory and practice of teaching young learners in the EFL classroom. Participants will engage in enjoyable activities designed specifically for young learners, such as songs, chants, finger plays, and storytelling. In addition, participants will discuss approaches for teaching language within a meaningful context and share effective techniques for making language input comprehensible and encouraging student participation. By the end of the program, participants will be energized and ready to make their young learners have fun with English. Module I: Learning and Teaching Styles for Primary Students How do children learn language? This workshop will focus on the characteristics of young learners and their learning styles that affect second language acquisition. In addition to a discussion on learning styles of primary students, this workshop will introduce useful activities and teaching ideas specifically designed for Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL). Module II: Songs, Chants, and Poems! Children love to sing, chant, and be creative! The purpose of this workshop is to teach participants songs, chants and poems in English to use in the young learner classroom. This means learning to sing, chant, and write poems as well as learning how to incorporate them effectively into English lessons as good practice for teaching pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and all four skills. Module III: Storytelling and More! Children love stories! The purpose of this workshop is to explore the uses of storytelling to teach English to young learners. It gives the rationale for using stories as a meaningful context in which new language can be taught and as a source for cultural content. Demonstrations of storytelling techniques and activities for young learners will be given in order to show participants how to integrate skills and teach vocabulary and grammar in fun and interesting contexts. Module IV: Increasing Classroom Interaction Young learners need to speak out! EFL teachers everywhere struggle to increase the quantity and the quality of English spoken by their students in their classrooms. This workshop will introduce the basic interactions found in EFL classrooms and will demonstrate strategies for teachers to create a more interactive and communicative classroom, particularly for young learners of English. Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 1 Module I: Learning & Teaching Styles for Primary Students How do children learn language? This workshop will focus on the characteristics of young learners and their learning styles that affect second language acquisition. In addition to a discussion on learning styles of primary students, this workshop will introduce useful activities and teaching ideas specifically designed for Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL). Outline of Workshop I. Introduction: T-P-S II. Considerations for Teaching Young Learners • How children learn • Characteristics of young learners • Language Learning Environment III. Teaching approaches for young learners • Ten Helpful Ideas for TEYL IV. Classroom Management Ideas V. Conclusion: Role Play I. Introduction: T-P-S (Think-Pair-Share) TEYL? Think about it! 1. What is the purpose for starting English instruction in primary school? 2. What kind of approach should we take in a young learner classroom? ______ ______ ______ ______ Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 2 II. Considerations for Teaching Young Learners As you go through the basic principles of teaching young learners, please think about how these theories can be applied to your TEYL classroom situation. A. How children learn Children are active Children construct knowledge from actively interacting with the physical environment in developmental stages. learners and thinkers. They learn through their own individual actions and (Piaget, 1970) exploration. Children construct knowledge through other people, through interaction with adults. Adults/teachers work Children learn through actively with children in the Zone of Proximal social interaction. Development (ZPD). Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Vygotsky, 1962) = difference between the child's capacity to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with assistance The adult’s role is very important in a child’s learning Children learn effectively process. Like Vygotsky, Bruner focused on the through scaffolding by importance of language in a child’s cognitive adults. development. He shows how the adult uses “scaffolding” (Bruner, 1983) to guide a child’s language learning through finely-tuned talk. (Cameron, 2001) Effective Scaffolding (Bruner, 1983) Parents who scaffolded effectively • created interest in the task; • broke the task down into smaller steps; • kept child “on task” by reminding him of the purpose or goal; • pointed out the important parts of the task; • controlled the child’s frustration during the task; • modeled the task, including different ways to do the task. B. Characteristics of YLs Adjective Splash Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 3 VYLs (under 7) YLs (7-12) - acquire through hearing and - are learning to read and write in experiencing lots of English, in L1 much the same way they acquire - are developing as thinkers L1 - understand the difference between - learn things through playing; they the real and the imaginary are not consciously trying to learn new words or phrases – for them - can plan and organize how best to it’s incidental carry out an activity - love playing with language - can work with others and learn sounds, imitating, and making from others funny noises - can be reliable and take - are not able to organize their responsibility for class activities learning and routines - not able to read or write in L1; important to recycle language through talk and play - their grammar will develop For more information, see: Slatterly, M., & gradually on its own when Willis, J. (2001). English for primary exposed to lots of English in teachers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. context C. Language Learning Environment Although children may use similar processes for acquiring L1 and L2, the environment for L1 and L2 acquisition can be quite different (Brewster, Ellis & Girard, 2004). L1 environment L2 environment - language highly contextualized - language more decontextualized - in the real world the language - in the classroom the language used used is authentic tends to be artificial - learner highly motivated - learners may not be highly motivated Therefore, it is important to remember that an early start alone will not necessarily improve children’s ability to learn English. It is also very important that L2 instruction include language structures that are presented within a context that is meaningful and communicative. Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 4 III. Teaching Approaches for Young Learners Now that we have looked at different learning styles and characteristics of young language learners, try to fill in the boxes in this mind map. With a partner, take turns reading each bubble before describing what word best fits each box. Use these words to fill in the boxes: Enjoyable Full of practice Meaningful Purposeful Social Supported This mind map can be found in the following article: Read, C. (1998, April). The challenge of teaching children. English Teaching Professional, 7: 8-10. Retrieved August 1, 2005, from http://www.etprofessional.com/articles/challenge.pdf Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 5 T H I T E Y L en elpful deas for eaching nglish to oung earners Joan Kang Shin “Ten Helpful Ideas for Teaching English to Young Learners” is an article by Joan Kang Shin, in the English Teaching Forum (Vol. 44, No. 2) published by the U.S. Department of State’s Office of English Language Programs. It can be found online at http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives.html. Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL) is a rapidly growing field around the world, and English education is increasingly found at the primary levels. However, starting earlier is not necessarily the solution for producing better English speakers. Therefore, what can EFL teachers of young learners do to take advantage of the flexibility of young minds and the malleability of young tongues to grow better speakers of English? 1. Supplement activities with visuals, realia, and movement. Young learners tend to have short attention spans • Use brightly colored visuals, toys, puppets or and a lot of physical energy. In addition, children objects are very much linked to their surroundings and are • Community donations for toys and objects more interested in the physical and the tangible. • Create a“Visuals and Realia Bank” As Scott and Ytreberg (1990) describe, “Their • Use Total Physical Response (TPR) by James own understanding comes through hands and eyes Asher (1977) and ears. The physical world is dominant at all times.” • Use TPR Storytelling by Blaine Ray http://www.blaineraytprs.com/ 2. Involve students in making visuals and realia. Having children involved in creating the visuals • Students draw different characters for a story that are related to the lesson helps engage students or make puppets, masks, play-do sculptures in the learning process by introducing them to the • Collaborate with the art teacher to make the context as well as to relevant vocabulary items. visuals you need for you activities Students are more likely to feel interested and • Students contribute their own toys for the invested in the lesson and will probably take lesson (“Show and tell”) better care of the materials (Moon 2000). 3. Move from activity to activity. Young learners have short attention spans. For • Quiet/noisy exercises ages 5–7, Keep activities around 5 and 10 minutes • Different skills: long. For ages 8–10, keep activities 10 to 15 listening/talking/reading/writing minutes long. Scott and Ytreberg (1990) suggest • Individual/ pairwork/ groupwork/ whole class creating a balance between the activities in the activities column on the right side. • Teacher-pupil/ pupil-pupil activities 4. Teach in themes. A thematic unit, a series of lessons on the same • Common themes for YLs: animals, friends, topic or subject, can create broader contexts in family, environment, citizenship, shopping, which to teach language, recycle language from or units revolving around a storybooks, lesson to lesson, and allow students to focus more websites, celebrities, or movies students like on content and communication than on language • Themes based on curricula from students’ structure. other subjects are also effective (Haas 2000) Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 6 5. Use stories and contexts familiar to students. Use of stories and contexts in home country or • Take a favorite story in the L1 and translate it culture can help YLs connect English with their into English background knowledge, which is limited because • Allow students a chance to personalize of their young age and inexperience. content every lesson 6. Establish classroom routines in English. YLs function well within a structured • Clap short rhythms for students to repeat. environment and enjoy repetition of certain • Start the lesson with song or chant routines and activities. Having basic routines in • Add classroom language to the routines as the classroom can help to manage young learners. well 7. Use L1 as a resource when necessary. Use L1 in the classroom as a resource for • Quickly make a difficult expression forwarding the learning process without becoming comprehensible by translating into L1 too reliant on it. Concentrate on building • Use L1 for complicated directions for communicative skills. Save your time for the activities target language actually within students’ reach. 8. Bring in helpers from the community 9. Collaborate with other teachers in your school. 10. Communicate with other TEYL professionals. TEFL Community Triangle English Speaking Community (parents who speak English well, student EFL teachers from the university, high school students, etc.) Fellow school teachers Fellow TEYL Professionals (subject/content or grade- (professional organizations, level teachers and other in-service programs, or EFL teachers at your school) special teacher education courses, etc.) Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 7 USING THE BODY FINGER PLAYS TPR WITH SONGS HERE IS A TURTLE* HEAD & SHOULDERS, Here is a turtle. (hold out fist) KNEES & TOES He lives in a shell. Head and shoulders He likes his home. Knees and toes Very well. Knees and toes When he gets hungry, (stick out thumb) He comes out to eat, (wiggle thumb) Eyes and ears Then goes back And mouth and nose Into his house (tuck thumb back into fist) To sleep. Head and shoulders Knees and toes HERE IS THE CHURCH Knees and toes Here is the church (interlock fingers under) Here is the steeple (pull index fingers up) Open the doors (pull thumbs out) And see all the people! (wiggle fingers up in the air) Peanut Butter and Jelly Peanut, peanut butter ~ and jelly! CATERPILLARS* “Let’s go to sleep,” (wiggle your fingers) First you take the peanuts, and The little caterpillars said, you crunch ‘em, you crunch ‘em As they tucked themselves (interlock fingers as if praying) Peanut, peanut butter ~ and jelly! Quietly in bed. When they awake Then you take the grapes, and By and by, (palms up, cross over hands) you squish ‘em, you squish ‘em. Each one will be (clasp thumbs, and flutter fingers) Peanut, peanut butter ~ and jelly! A pretty butterfly. Then you take the bread, and you spread it, you spread it. 2-4-6-8-10* Peanut, peanut butter ~ and jelly! Follow me. Two (clap two index fingers together) Then you take the sandwich, and Four (clap index and middle fingers together) you eat it, you eat it. Six (clap index, middle, and ring fingers together) Mm mm mm mm mm ~ mm mm mm! Eight (clap index, middle, ring, and pinky fingers together) Ten (clap hands together) (Put hands in lap) *These come from Jean Feldman, Transition Tips and Tricks for Teachers Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 8 FOLDABLES Foldables are a great tool to put the learning into the hands of your students! Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 9 Joan Kang Shin University of Maryland, Baltimore County [email protected] 10