WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS ESTIMATION USING SATELLITE DATA AND HYDROLOGICAL MODEL Thesis submitted to the Andhra University, Visakhapatnam in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Technology in Remote Sensing and GIS ANDHRA UNIVERSITY Submitted By: Tarul Umakant Sharma Supervised By: Dr. Praveen Kumar Thakur Dr. Bhaskar R. Nikam Scientist/Engineer ‘SE’, Scientist/Engineer ‘SD’, Water Resources Department, Water Resources Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun Dehradun Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO Department of Space, Govt. of India Dehradun – 248001 Uttarakhand, India (August, 2013) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this thesis work entitled “Water Budget Components Estimation Using Satellite Data and Hydrological Model” is submitted by Ms. Tarul Umakant Sharma in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Technology in Remote Sensing and GIS by the Andhra University. The research work presented here in this thesis is an original work of the candidate and has been carried out in Water Resources Department under the guidance of Dr. Praveen Kumar Thakur, Scientist/Engineer ‘SE’ and Dr. Bhaskar R. Nikam, Scientist/Engineer ‘SD’ at Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun, India. Dr. Praveen Kumar Thakur Dr. Bhaskar R. Nikam Scientist/Engineer ‘SE’, Scientist/Engineer ‘SD’, Water Resources Department, Water Resources Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun Dehradun Dr. Shiv Prasad Aggarwal Head, Water Resources Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun Dr. Y.V.N. Krishna Murthy Dr. S.K. Saha Director, Dean (Academic), Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun Dehradun DDDDeeeeddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd ttttoooo MMMMuuuummmmmmmmyyyy &&&& PPPPaaaappppaaaa I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would first and foremost like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to our respected director, Dr. Y.V.N. Krishna Murthy, for his continuous encouraging suggestions and support during the research which from time to time has led us to rethink and establish our goals and objectives in a defined way. I would also like to thank Dr. P.S. Roy, former Director, IIRS for his valuable suggestions at the time of synopsis too. I acknowledge my very sincere thanks to Dr. Shiv Prasad Aggarwal, Head, Water Resource Department, IIRS, Dehradun for being with us from the start, his valuable suggestions and motivation during the project is always over whelming and his timely check on us has improved our complete project and has touched some newer limits. I express my sincere gratitude and respect to my supervisor Dr. Praveen Kumar Thakur, Scientist/Engineer ‘SE’ and co-supervisor Dr. Bhaskar R. Nikam, Scientist ‘SD’, Water Resources Department, IIRS, Dehradun for their continuum guidance, encouragement, efficient supervision and all kind of help they provided which resulted in successful completion of the project. They have helped me in all times and have made me pass through the tough hurdles and boulders in the way very easily and efficiently. I would also like to thanks Dr. Vaibhav Garg, Scientist ‘SD’ and Mr. Arpit Chouksey, Scientist ‘SC’, Water Resources Department, IIRS, Dehradun, for their internal divisional help and their help has been a part of my successful research. I would like to thank Andhra University for providing Master of Technology Degree in Remote Sensing and GIS. Along with this, I would also like to thank Dr. S.K. Saha, Dean (Academics) and Ms. Shefali Agarwal, M.Tech Course Director, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun for providing an opportunity to do this research. I would like to use this opportunity to specially thank my friend Suman for his valuable help in preparing programming codes. His knowledge and skill in solving complicated and time consuming problems, with the help of programming helped me to complete my project on time. His work on programming has truly helped me in all possible ways and I would like to extend my deepest sense of gratitude to him. I would like to thank Sanjukta Saha, former SRF, Water Resources Department, IIRS, Dehradun, for her help in understanding hydrological modeling and its various aspects which helped me from the scratch till the end. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Prateek Das, Research Scholar, Banaras Hindu University, Mr. Surajit Ghosh, JRF, Water Resources Department, IIRS, Dehradun and Ms. Suruchi Aggarwal, Research Scholar, Delhi University for their help and encouragement at the time of project duration in all I possible ways. The chill moments and the late night snacks by these people have kept me to work late night without any hindrance. My heart-felt appreciation and thanks goes to all my friends Raj, Gaurav, Anudeep, Suman, Vineet, Bikram, Dinesh, Priyanka and Vanya for their encouragement, help and among all, their most valuable friendship which will cherish in my memory forever. Each and every moment spent with them will be stored in my memory and time line forever. The bad time and the happy times were completely supported by them and this makes them my true and best friends. Thank you all my friends. I would also like to thank all my other friends, M.Tech batch mates, my roommates and M.Tech-PG Diploma juniors for their company which will be valued always. Finally, I am heartiest thankful to Mummy, Papa, Dadiji and Utkarsh for their blessings and love that gave me encouragement to progress in my research work and their support, faith, trust, care, and the ultimate feeling of love has always made me to work upfront and this gesture has endeavored me to reach a complete different level and establish a new pathway which will lead me to a new success and beautiful colors of triumph. This work is definitely dedicated to them. Last but not the least, I would like to thank everyone who was important for the successful completion of the thesis as well as I express my apology for not been able to mention personally one by one. DDDDaaaatttteeee:::: 11119999////00008888////2222000011113333 TTTTaaaarrrruuuullll SSSShhhhaaaarrrrmmmmaaaa II ABSTRACT Water budgeting is necessary to study the hydrological cycle. Out of many hydrological components; major are precipitation, change in Terrestrial Water Storage (∆TWS, which include both surface and sub-surface water storage), Evapo-Transpiration (ET), surface runoff and baseflow. Precipitation is the main input in the hydrological cycle and it plays an important role in defining further simulations of the cycle. Water budgeting also helps to understand the direct and indirect factors affecting the changes in ground water storage. Objective of this study is to estimate water budget components using different satellite data and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model after incorporating scaling issues for the Ganga basin. Water balance has been closed first by using satellite derived components and then by combining it with hydrological model derived components i.e. ET, runoff and baseflow. Satellite derived components include precipitation from National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP) reanalysis data, ET from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) using Surface Energy Balance approach and ∆TWS from Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Estimated ET shows an average value of 430.342 mm for year 2004 and 501.586 mm for year 2008, over whole basin. GRACE derived ∆TWS is available at coarser resolution and hence its statistical downscaling has been done by first using Central Ground Water Board’s groundwater level data and secondly by using water balance derived change in groundwater storage as dependent variable. Results show a mean relative error of 0.04 cm for various locations when water level data was used and an error of 0.721 cm when water balance derived ground water storage change was used over whole basin. Annual water balance derived by integrating satellite and model derived components (-17.725mm) gave more accurate results as compared to water balance derived by using only satellite data (72.13mm using VIC runoff and 220.158mm using GRDC data). Assuming that satellite derived precipitation and ∆TWS contain less error, imbalance occurred in collective response of satellite and model derived water balance has been incorporated in ET. With this assumption, water balance has been obtained from year 2004 to 2008 by increasing ET ranging from 0.81% in year 2008 upto 13% in year 2004. III TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………...……………………………………………………..I ABSTRACT……………...…………………………………………………………….III TABLE OF CONTENTS……...……………………………………………………….IV LIST OF FIGURES……………...……………………………………………………...V LIST OF TABLES………………...…………………………………………………...VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……...……………………………………………….…VII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………...……...……………………………………..…….1 1.1 General……………………..……….…………………………………..…....1 1.2 Hydrological Cycle…………………………..……….…………………...…1 1.3 Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in Hydrological Modeling…….…...….......3 1.4 Surface Energy Balance Method……………..……………………………...4 1.5 Spatial Rescaling and Downscaling………………………………………....5 1.6 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model………………………………....5 1.7 Problem Definition…………………………………….……...…………..…7 1.8 Research Objectives and Research Questions……………………………….7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………...……….10 2.1 Precipitation……………………..……………….…..…………………….10 2.2 Evapotranspiration……………………………..………………..............…11 2.3 Change in Terrestrial Water Storage (GRACE)…………………………...13 2.4 Water Balance and Hydrological Model…………………………………..15 CHAPTER 3 STUDY AREA AND MATERIAL/DATA USED……….………………..………..…19 3.1 Study Area……...………………………………………..………………...19 3.1.1 Location..……...………………………………….…………...….19 3.1.2 Drainage….....………..……………………………………......….20 IV 3.1.3 Climate………….....………………….…………………..…...…21 3.1.4 Soil………………………………….…………….……………....21 3.2 Materials/Data Used………………………...……….…………….………22 3.2.1 Remote Sensing Data………………………………………..……22 3.2.2 Ancillary Data.….….………………...…………………………...23 3.2.3 Software and Programming Language Used…………………..…23 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY……..………………………………...………………..…….……..24 4.1 Preparation of Inputs for SEBS Approach………………………………....25 4.2 Preparing Water Level Data in GRACE format for Downscaling………..28 4.2.1. Downscaling GRACE ∆TWS using CGWB’s ground water level data (Method 1).....................................................................29 4.2.2 Downscaling GRACE ∆TWS using hydrological model derived change in ground water storage data (Method 2)………………...30 4.3 Preparation of inputs for VIC Model setup and Simulation….………….…30 4.3.1 Grid preparation over basin extent……………………..………...30 4.3.2 Soil database…………………..……………..…………………...32 4.3.3 Vegetation parameter file database……………….………........…34 4.3.4 Meteorological forcing file……………..………………………...37 4.3.5 VIC model simulation and equations used to derive model outputs……………………………………………………………38 4.3.6 Preparation of input files for routing……………..……………....43 4.3.7 VIC Routing model simulation and equations used to derive model outputs.................................................................................46 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………….…………………………..………....49 5.1 Satellite derived ET………………………………..……………………....49 5.2 Downscaling of Satellite derived ∆TWS…………………………..………53 V 5.3 VIC Model calibration and method development…………………………57 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………..72 6.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………………..72 6.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………………73 REFERENCES………………………………………….……………………...………74 APPENDIX………………………………………………………….……………...….79 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Water cycle…………………………………………..………………...……2 Figure 1.2: Conceptual VIC model diagram…………………………………………….6 Figure 3.1: Study area………………………………………………………...……...…19 Figure 3.2: Drainage map……………………………………………………………....20 Figure 3.3: Soil map…………………………………………………………………....21 Figure 4.1: Methodology…………………………………………………………….....24 Figure 4.2: Central Ground Water Board’s Groundwater level measuring stations…...29 Figure 4.3: Soil parameter file………………………………………………………….34 Figure 4.4: Vegetation parameter file………………………………………………..…37 Figure 4.5: Meteorological forcing file………………………………………………...38 Figure 4.6: VIC run (screenshot)………………………………………………….……39 Figure 4.7: Fraction file………………………………………………………………...44 Figure 4.8: Unit Hydrograph file…………………………………………………….…45 Figure 4.9: Flow direction file……………………………………………………….…46 Figure 5.1: Correlation plot between MODIS and SEBS ET at 25Km resolution……..49 Figure 5.2: Seasonal satellite derived ET for year 2004………………………………..50 Figure 5.3: Seasonal satellite derived ET for year 2008………………………………..51 Figure 5.4: Total ET in 2004…………………………………………………………...52 Figure 5.5: Total ET in 2008…………………………………………………………...52 Figure 5.6: Correlation plot at different places between original and downscaled ∆TWS (Method 1)…………………………………………………………………53 Figure 5.7: .TWS (original) seasonal variation in year 2008………………………..…55 Figure 5.8: .TWS (downscaled) seasonal variation in year 2008………………………56 Figure 5.9: Water budget components for year 2008…………………………………..60 Figure 5.10: VIC model output for year 2008……………………………………….....61 Figure 5.11: VIC model output for year 2004………………………………………….62 Figure 5.12: VIC model output for year 2005…………………………...……………..63 Figure 5.13: VIC model output for year 2006………………………………………….64 Figure 5.14: VIC model output for year 2007……………………………………….…65 VII