Taming the Wild Grape Jean Gerrath • Usher Posluszny • Lewis Melville Taming the Wild Grape Botany and Horticulture in the Vitaceae 1 3 Jean Gerrath Lewis Melville Department of Biology Department of Botany University of Northern Iowa University of Guelph Cedar Falls Guelph United States Canada Usher Posluszny Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Guelph Guelph Canada ISBN 978-3-319-24350-4 ISBN 978-3-319-24352-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24352-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956532 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword When we are asked what we do, at the first mention of the grape family (Vitaceae), people immediately focus on ‘grape’ and launch into their memories of family heir- loom grapevines, questions about how to prune their grape arbours or queries about which wines to buy. Thus, over the years we have been forced to learn more about grape growing and winemaking than we had intended. However, ‘grapes’ are not especially typical of the Vitaceae, whose members demonstrate a wide range of forms and life histories. This book aims to place grapes (the genus Vitis) within their family and discusses the characteristics of the Vitaceae as a whole as well as how Vitis characteristics fit in with those of other family members. This book is a resource for those who want to learn more about grapes in general and provides a context for understanding the growth, development and life history of this poorly understood group of plants. The book is divided into two sections. Section I consists of four chapters and focuses on the Vitaceae as a whole. Chapter 1 discusses the origin and general re- lationship of the family to other flowering plants its unique features, and describes the interrelationships and characteristics of its genera. Chapters 2 and 3 expand on some of the characteristics mentioned in the first chapter, with Chap. 2 emphasizing the vegetative characteristics (shoots, leaves and buds) and Chap. 3 the reproduc- tive characteristics (flowers, fruits and seeds). These two chapters summarize much of our research work over the past 30 years. Chapter 4 is an identification guide to 19 species of North American Vitaceae, including 10 species of Vitis, and contains identification keys, descriptions and photographic illustrations for each species, again compiled by us and our students over the years. Section II is divided into two chapters, and deals exclusively with Vitis. Chap- ter 5 summarizes the history of the human relationship with grapes and concludes with a section on the history of grape growing in Canada and the USA. Chapter 6 reviews the history and importance of grapevine identification (ampelography) in North America and concludes with descriptions and photographic illustrations of 30 of the most important cold climate cultivated varieties (cultivars) grown in Canada and the northern USA. It is an expansion of A Midwesterner’s Handbook to Grape- vine Varieties (Lehmann and Gerrath 2004). We have included three Appendices. The first two are illustrated, and explain the main characters used in Vitis identifi- cation (Appendix 1) and its complicated life history (Appendix 2). Appendix 3 is v vi Foreword a short glossary of common Vitaceae terms with references to helpful illustrations found throughout the book. When we began this research over 30 years ago, the Vitaceae was an obscure family studied by very few botanists, and researchers focused almost exclusively on commercial grapes. Our developmental studies emphasized shoot growth and flowering patterns across the family, and often revealed patterns that did not fit easily into those found in other flowering plants. Recent molecular studies have shown that the family does not have any close relatives, and sits as a ‘sister’ to all of the other Rosids, one of the large subdivisions of angiosperms. The fact that we have emphasized how the growth and development of grapes is related to the other members of the Vitaceae gives our work a unique perspective, and brings together information that we hope will encourage botanists, horticulturists and people inter- ested in learning more about grapes to expand their horizons to include these long- neglected, but important plants. J.M.G. L.M. U.P. Acknowledgements This book is a compilation of the research done in our labs over the past 30 years. However, it owes much to others and we thank all of you for your contributions. At the University of Northern Iowa, students Mike Maddox, Jim Uthe, Madhav Nepal, John Holding, Lee Trebbien, Erin Gitchell and Robin Flattery established and maintained the plants in the experimental vineyard and the UNI greenhouse un- der the supervision of staff members Ron Camarata, Billie Hemmer and Stephanie Witte. Lee Trebbien and Erin Gitchell also made careful observations and kept re- cords of many of the greenhouse plants. Colleague Emily Lehman was instrumental in coordinating the production of A Midwesterner’s Handbook to Grapevine Variet- ies. Paul Domoto and Gail Nonnecke at Iowa State University were very generous in providing information about commercial grape growing and growers, and allowed us access and fruits from the experimental vineyard at Nashua, IA. Likewise, Peter Hemstad at the University of Minnesota vineyard at Chanhassen, MN was always willing to answer questions and provide access. Martin Goffinet, Peter Cousins and Bruce Reisch hosted visits to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Germ- plasm Repository in Geneva Station, NY and graciously answered many questions about grape breeding. Paul Tabor at Tabor Home Winery in Baldwin, IA provided support and access in many ways for many years. Peter Cousins also provided plant material of many species from his USDA live plant collection at Geneva Station. At the University of Guelph, graduate students Trevor Wilson and Susan Tim- mons extended our understanding of morphological development in the family. Summer student Pawel Stankiewicz contributed considerably to the chapter on phe- nology. Helen Fisher and her staff provided access to the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario Cherry Avenue Vineyard in Vineland, ON and Tim Hannon provided the photographs of L’Acadie. Colleagues Jun Wen at the Smithsonian Institution, Stephen Manchester at the Florida Museum of Natural History and Stephanie Ickert-Bond at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks have all been generous with their insights into plant systematics and paleobotany in the Vitaceae. The mistakes in the book, however, are ours, for which we take full responsibility. J.M.G. L.M. U.P. vii Contents 1 Vitaceae Systematics (Origin, Characteristics and Relationships) ..... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Non-Winemaking Uses of Vitaceae .......................................................... 2 Morphological Characteristics of the Vitaceae ......................................... 3 Relationships Within the Vitaceae—Systematics and Phylogeny ............. 5 Order Vitales ...................................................................................... 8 Leeaceae ............................................................................................ 10 Vitaceae ............................................................................................. 11 References ................................................................................................. 19 2 Vegetative Features of the Vitaceae ....................................................... 23 Shoot Patterns and Their Initiation ............................................................ 23 Leaves—Types, Initiation and Development ............................................ 27 Variability in Leaf Form .................................................................... 27 Leaf Development ............................................................................. 27 Lateral Buds: Pattern and Position ............................................................ 30 Typical Bud Pattern ........................................................................... 30 Supernumerary Buds ......................................................................... 33 Tendrils and Inflorescences ....................................................................... 35 Tendrils .............................................................................................. 37 Trichomes (Hairs) ..................................................................................... 38 Plant–Animal Interactions: Pearl Bodies and Domatia ............................. 40 Pearl Bodies and Ants ........................................................................ 40 Domatia and Mites ............................................................................ 40 References ................................................................................................. 42 3 Reproductive Features of the Vitaceae .................................................. 45 Inflorescences ............................................................................................ 45 Initiation and Early Development ..................................................... 45 Mature Inflorescence Pattern ............................................................. 49 Flowers ...................................................................................................... 49 Mature Floral Characteristics ............................................................ 50 Floral Development ........................................................................... 53 ix x Contents Dioecy in the Vitaceae ....................................................................... 57 Anthesis: The Mature Flower Opens ................................................. 57 Pollination and Fertilization .............................................................. 58 Fruits and Seeds ........................................................................................ 59 Seed Development and Internal Features .......................................... 60 Seeds—External Features .................................................................. 61 References ................................................................................................. 63 4 Identification of Vitaceae in North America ......................................... 65 1. Vitis L. ................................................................................................... 66 2. Cissus L. ................................................................................................ 68 3. Causonis Rafinesque (Formerly part of Cayratia Juss.) ....................... 68 4. Parthenocissus Planchon ...................................................................... 69 5. Ampelopsis Michaux (Formerly Ampelopsis sect. Ampelopsis) ............ 69 6. Nekemias Rafinesque (Formerly Ampelopsis sect. Leeacifoliae) ......... 70 Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bunge (Monkshood Vine) ���������������������������������� 71 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. (Correct name is A� glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. brevipedunculata (Maxim) Momiy.) ...................................................................................... 72 Ampelopsis cordata Michx. (Racoon Grape) ............................................ 74 Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. (formerly Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnepain .................................................................................. 74 Cissus trifoliata (L.) (also C� incisa Des Moulins) ................................... 77 Nekemias arborea (L.) J. Wen and Boggan. (Formerly Ampelop- sis arborea (L.) Koehne) ........................................................................... 77 Parthenocissis quinquefolia (L.) Planchon ............................................... 80 Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch ............................ 80 Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. (syn. P� inserta (Kerner) Fritsch) ......................................................................................... 83 Vitis acerifolia Raf. (syn. V. longii Prince) ............................................... 84 Vitis aestivalis Michx ................................................................................ 86 Vitis arizonica Englmann .......................................................................... 87 Vitis cinerea (Englm. in Gray) Englm. ex Millardet (Grayback or Pigeon Grape) ....................................................................................... 89 Vitis labrusca L. ........................................................................................ 90 Vitis palmata Vahl ..................................................................................... 92 Vitis riparia Michx .................................................................................... 93 Vitis rotundifolia Michx ............................................................................ 95 Vitis rupestris Scheele ............................................................................... 97 Vitis vulpina L. .......................................................................................... 98 References ................................................................................................. 99 5 Humans and Grapes ............................................................................... 103 Human Cultivation of Grapes—Beginnings ............................................. 103 Cultural Importance and History of Grapes and Wine in Europe ............. 104 Contents xi Grapevine Cultivation in North America .................................................. 107 Eastern North America ...................................................................... 107 California ........................................................................................... 110 Southern USA .................................................................................... 111 Pacific Northwest .............................................................................. 112 References ................................................................................................. 113 6 I dentification of Common Cold-Climate Grapes in North America ......................................................................................... 115 Introduction ............................................................................................... 115 History of Grapevine Identification .......................................................... 116 Beginnings ......................................................................................... 116 Grapevine Identification in North America ....................................... 117 Ampelography Around the Turn of the Twentieth Century ............... 117 The Twentieth Century ...................................................................... 118 Molecular Identification of Grapes—The Modern Age .................... 119 Identification of Some of the Important Cultivars Grown in North America ..................................................................................................... 120 ‘Baco Noir’ ................................................................................................ 121 ‘Catawba’ .................................................................................................. 122 ‘Cayuga White’ ......................................................................................... 124 ‘Chambourcin’ ........................................................................................... 126 ‘Chancellor’ ................................................................................................ 128 ‘Chardonnay’ ............................................................................................. 129 ‘Concord’ ................................................................................................... 131 ‘Cynthiana’/‘Norton’ ................................................................................. 133 ‘De Chaunac’ ............................................................................................. 135 ‘Frontenac’/‘Frontenac Gris’/‘Frontenac Blanc’ ....................................... 136 ‘L’Acadie’ .................................................................................................. 139 ‘La Crescent’ ............................................................................................. 140 ‘La Crosse’ ................................................................................................ 142 ‘Léon Millot’ ............................................................................................. 144 ‘Maréchal Foch’ ........................................................................................ 146 ‘Marquette’ ................................................................................................ 147 ‘Riesling’ ................................................................................................... 149 ‘Seyval Blanc’ ........................................................................................... 151 ‘St. Croix’/‘Sabrevois’ .............................................................................. 153 ‘St. Pepin’ .................................................................................................. 155 ‘Swenson Red’ ........................................................................................... 157 ‘Traminette’ ............................................................................................... 158 ‘Veeblanc’ .................................................................................................. 160 ‘Ventura’ .................................................................................................... 162 ‘Vidal Blanc’ ............................................................................................. 164 ‘Vignoles’ .................................................................................................. 165 References ................................................................................................. 167