Talent Abroad: A Review of Moroccan Emigrants O C T a le n C t A b r o a d : A O R e v ie w o f R M o r o c c a n O E m ig r a n ts M (cid:18)(cid:381)(cid:882)(cid:296)(cid:437)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3) (cid:28)(cid:437)(cid:396)(cid:381)(cid:393)(cid:286)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:104)(cid:374)(cid:349)(cid:381)(cid:374) Talent Abroad: A Review of Moroccan Emigrants ThisworkispublishedundertheresponsibilityoftheSecretary-Generalofthe OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsofOECDmembercountries. Thisdocumentandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatus oforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiers andboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea. Pleasecitethispublicationas: OECD(2017),TalentAbroad:AReviewofMoroccanEmigrants,OECDPublishing,Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264281-en ISBN978-92-64-26427-4(print) ISBN978-92-64-26428-1(PDF) Photocredits:Cover©ColinAnderson/BlendImages/InmagineLTD CorrigendatoOECDpublicationsmaybefoundonlineat: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. ©OECD2017 Youcancopy,downloadorprintOECDcontentforyourownuse,andyoucanincludeexcerptsfromOECD publications,databasesandmultimediaproductsinyourowndocuments,presentations,blogs,websitesand teachingmaterials,providedthatsuitableacknowledgementofOECDassourceandcopyrightownerisgiven.All requestsforpublicorcommercialuseandtranslationrightsshouldbesubmittedtorights@oecd.org.Requestsfor permissiontophotocopyportionsofthismaterialforpublicorcommercialuseshallbeaddresseddirectlytothe CopyrightClearanceCenter(CCC)[email protected]çaisd’exploitationdudroitdecopie (CFC)[email protected]. 3 FOREWORD – Foreword Emigrants are often considered a loss for their country of origin but they can also play an important role in fostering trade and economic development, notably through the skills and contacts they have acquired abroad. If they choose to return, their reintegration into the labour market and society will be facilitated by the fact that they speak the local language, have specific social capital and possess local qualifications that are readily recognised by employers. Drawing on the human resources of emigrants, however, necessitates maintaining links with them and pursuing policies adapted to the specific needs of each expatriate community. This entails, as a prerequisite, being able to identify precisely where, when and why people have left and what their socio-demographic characteristics and skills are, as well as gaining a proper understanding of the dynamics of the phenomenon and the aspirations of emigrants. Statistical systems in countries of origin are generally poorly equipped to undertake this monitoring exercise. It is therefore helpful, if not essential, to compile information directly from destination country data sources. This is particularly challenging because it requires collecting data, based on comparable definitions and concepts, from a large number of countries across which emigrants are scattered. The OECD Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC), which pools census and survey data, makes it possible to identify individuals over time by place of birth as well as by education and labour market status. It is a powerful tool for use in undertaking this mapping exercise, especially when complemented by available national sources (e.g. consular data, specific surveys, analyses of social networks) and many other international data sources. This series of country reviews entitled “Talent abroad” aims at providing an accurate, updated and dynamic picture of diasporas by individual countries of origin. On this basis, and by building on cumulated experiences regarding the movements of diasporas, it is TALENT ABROAD: A REVIEW OF MOROCCAN EMIGRANTS © OCDE 2017 4 – FOREWORD possible to formulate public policy recommendations on how best to engage with emigrants and mobilise their skills to support economic development in their country of origin. The second volume in this series focuses on Morocco which, in recent years, has experienced fast-moving and far-reaching economic development. In view of the massive level of emigration by the Moroccan population in the 20th century, and the emergence of labour needs, the Moroccan authorities are seeking to gain a better understanding of this pool of talent based abroad. This review was commissioned by the Ministry in Charge of Moroccans Living Abroad and Migration Affairs (MMREAM) and Expertise France in the framework of the SHARAKA project, financed by the European Commission and co-financed by France and the Netherlands. The SHARAKA project is part of the Mobility Partnership signed in June 2013 between Morocco, the European Union and nine Member States of the European Union (Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The Partnership for Mobility offers a privileged dialogue and cooperation framework between European countries and Morocco, covering a wide range of issues of common interest to migration – reflecting the four pillars of the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. SHARAKA aims to accompany Moroccan policies on migration, development and mobility through enhanced cooperation between European and Moroccan administrations. The goal is to optimise the beneficial effects of migration, both for Morocco and for the European Union. SHARAKA mobilises expertise from the seven Member State partners in response to the needs of Moroccan institutions. The in-depth analysis of the Moroccan diaspora presented in this OECD publication helps determine the economic potential of emigrants. How many emigrants are there, and where are they based? Are they of working age, and what is their level of education? What are the recent trends in terms of their number and socio-economic profile? What is their labour market presence in the host country and which occupations do they hold? What drives them to emigrate, and who are the ones who return? How do they contribute to the economic development of Morocco? TALENT ABROAD: A REVIEW OF MOROCCAN EMIGRANTS © OCDE 2017 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – Acknowledgements This review was written by Friedrich Poeschel and Charlotte Levionnois, under the supervision of Theodora Xenogiani. It incorporates contributions from Karima Belhaj (CERED), Oussama Zennati (MMREAM), Jacques Ould Aoudia and Aouatif El Fakir (Migrations et Développement Association). Valuable comments were received from experts from the Ministry in Charge of Moroccans Living Abroad and Migration Affairs, CERED and Expertise France. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the Ministry in Charge of Moroccans Living Abroad and Migration Affairs, and Expertise France, without whose support this review would not have been possible. Special thanks go to Véronique Gindrey for her help with formatting and finalising tables and charts. The editorial assistance provided by Marlène Mohier and Mireia Sirol Carrillo was greatly appreciated. Thanks are also due to the OECD Working Party on Migration and to the members of the OECD’s International Migration Division for their comments. TALENT ABROAD: A REVIEW OF MOROCCAN EMIGRANTS © OCDE 2017 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Table of contents Acronyms and abbreviations ....................................................................................... 13 Executive summary ..................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1. Numbers and locations of Moroccan emigrants ....................................... 25 The tenth largest emigrant population in OECD countries .......................................... 26 The emigrants’ demographic composition has hardly changed ................................... 34 The distribution across destination countries ............................................................... 37 Who is where? Differences between destination countries .......................................... 42 Most Moroccan emigrants are family or labour migrants ............................................ 44 The majority of Moroccan emigrants are not citizens of their host country ......................................................................................................................... 47 A large majority of the second generation in Europe is still young ............................. 52 References ................................................................................................................... 54 Annex 1.A1. Additional figures and tables .................................................................. 57 Chapter 2. Recent trends in emigration from Morocco .............................................. 63 Falling flows of emigrants from Morocco ................................................................... 64 High emigration intentions in Morocco, especially among the young ......................... 72 References ................................................................................................................... 82 Annex 2.A1. Additional figures and tables .................................................................. 85 Chapter 3. The socio-demographic characteristics of the Moroccan diaspora .............................................................................................. 87 Relatively low levels of educational attainment for Moroccan emigrants ................... 88 The children of Moroccan immigrants: higher educational attainment than their parents ....................................................................................... 96 Relatively successful social integration in host countries .......................................... 102 Remittances and ties with Morocco ........................................................................... 103 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 105 Notes ......................................................................................................................... 106 References ................................................................................................................. 107 Annex 3.A1. Additional figures ................................................................................. 108 Chapter 4. Labour market outcomes of Moroccan emigrants ................................ 109 Labour market integration is comparatively difficult ................................................. 110 Occupations in relatively low-skilled sectors and professions ................................... 122 TALENT ABROAD: A REVIEW OF MOROCCAN EMIGRANTS © OCDE 2017 8 – TABLE OF CONTENTS Higher levels of overqualification for Moroccan emigrants in all host countries ...... 128 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 131 Notes ......................................................................................................................... 132 References ................................................................................................................. 133 Annex 4.A1. Additional figures ................................................................................. 135 Chapter 5. Return migration to Morocco ................................................................... 137 Enduring links with Morocco ..................................................................................... 138 Return intentions among Moroccan emigrants .......................................................... 140 Characteristics of Moroccan emigrants who returned to Morocco ............................ 145 How Moroccan emigrants support economic development in Morocco .................... 151 Policies towards Moroccan emigrants ........................................................................ 160 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 170 References ................................................................................................................. 171 Annex 5.A1. Additional figures and tables ................................................................ 176 Figures Figure 1.1. Main countries of origin of migrants living in the OECD area, 2000/01 and 2010/11 ......................................................................................... 29 Figure 1.2. Main MENA origin countries of migrants living in the OECD area, 2000/01 and 2010/11 ......................................................................................... 33 Figure 1.3. Emigration rates for main origin countries of emigration to the OECD area, 2010/11 ............................................................................... 33 Figure 1.4. Gender composition of Moroccan emigrants in OECD countries, 2000/01 and 2010/11 ......................................................................................... 34 Figure 1.5. Share of women among emigrants from main and regional origin countries, 2010/11 ............................................................................................. 35 Figure 1.6. Age distribution of Moroccan emigrants in OECD countries, 2000/01 and 2010/11 ......................................................................................... 36 Figure 1.7. Main destination countries of Moroccan emigrants in the OECD area, 2000/01 and 2010/11 ......................................................................................... 39 Figure 1.8. Moroccan emigrants in the main European destination countries, 2010 and 2014 ................................................................................................... 42 Figure 1.9. Moroccan emigrants in the main destination countries by gender and age, 2010/11 ................................................................................................ 43 Figure 1.10. Moroccan emigrants by main reason given for migration, 2014 .......... 45 Figure 1.11. International students in OECD countries from selected countries of origin, 2009-12 .............................................................................................. 46 TALENT ABROAD: A REVIEW OF MOROCCAN EMIGRANTS © OCDE 2017